Compositions for modulating c9orf72 expression

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for reducing expression of C9ORF72 mRNA and protein in an animal with C9ORF72 specific inhibitors. Such methods are useful to treat, prevent, or ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases in an individual in need thereof. Such C9ORF72 specific inhibitors include antisense compounds. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases that can be treated, prevented, and ameliorated with the administration C9ORF72 specific inhibitors include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), corticalbasal degeneration syndrome (CBD), atypical Parkinsonian syndrome, and olivopontocerellar degeneration (OPCD).

SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled BIOL0211USC1SEQ.txt created Aug. 17, 2019, which is 184 Kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

Provided are compositions and methods for reducing expression of C9ORF72 mRNA and protein in an animal. Such methods are useful to treat, prevent, or ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), corticalbasal degeneration syndrome (CBD), atypical Parkinsonian syndrome, and olivopontocerellar degeneration (OPCD).

BACKGROUND

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized clinically by progressive paralysis leading to death from respiratory failure, typically within two to three years of symptom onset (Rowland and Shneider, N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 344, 1688-1700). ALS is the third most common neurodegenerative disease in the Western world (Hirtz et al., Neurology, 2007, 68, 326-337), and there are currently no effective therapies. Approximately 10% of cases are familial in nature, whereas the bulk of patients diagnosed with the disease are classified as sporadic as they appear to occur randomly throughout the population (Chio et al., Neurology, 2008, 70, 533-537). There is growing recognition, based on clinical, genetic, and epidemiological data, that ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) represent an overlapping continuum of disease, characterized pathologically by the presence of TDP-43 positive inclusions throughout the central nervous system (Lillo and Hodges, J. Clin. Neurosci., 2009, 16, 1131-1135; Neumann et al., Science, 2006, 314, 130-133).

To date, a number of genes have been discovered as causative for classical familial ALS, for example, SOD1, TARDBP, FUS, OPTN, and VCP (Johnson et al., Neuron, 2010, 68, 857-864; Kwiatkowski et al., Science, 2009, 323, 1205-1208; Maruyama et al., Nature, 2010, 465, 223-226; Rosen et al., Nature, 1993, 362, 59-62; Sreedharan et al., Science, 2008, 319, 1668-1672; Vance et al., Brain, 2009, 129, 868-876). Recently, linkage analysis of kindreds involving multiple cases of ALS, FTD, and ALS-FTD had suggested that there was an important locus for the disease on the short arm of chromosome 9 (Boxer et al., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2011, 82, 196-203; Morita et al., Neurology, 2006, 66, 839-844; Pearson et al. J. Nerol., 2011, 258, 647-655; Vance et al., Brain, 2006, 129, 868-876). The chromosome 9p21ALS-FTD locus in the last major autosomal-dominant gene whose mutation is causative of ALS. The ALS-FTD causing mutation is a large hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansion in the first intron of the C9ORF72 gene (Renton et al., Neuron, 2011, 72, 257-268; DeJesus-Hernandez et al., Neuron, 2011, 72, 245-256). A founder haplotype, covering the C9ORF72 gene, is present in the majority of cases linked to this region (Renton et al., Neuron, 2011, 72, 257-268). This locus on chromosome 9p21 accounts for nearly half of familial ALS and nearly one-quarter of all ALS cases in a cohort of 405 Finnish patients (Laaksovirta et al, Lancet Neurol., 2010, 9, 978-985).

A founder haplotype, covering the C9ORF72 gene, is present in the majority of cases linked to this region.

There are currently no effective therapies to treat such neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is an object to provide compositions and methods for the treatment of such neurodegenerative diseases.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are compositions and methods for modulating levels of C9ORF72 mRNA and protein in cells, tissues, and animals. In certain embodiments, C9ORF72 specific inhibitors modulate expression of C9ORF72 mRNA and protein. In certain embodiments, C9ORF72 specific inhibitors are nucleic acids, proteins, or small molecules.

In certain embodiments, modulation can occur in a cell or tissue. In certain embodiments, the cell or tissue is in an animal. In certain embodiments, the animal is a human. In certain embodiments, C9ORF72 mRNA levels are reduced. In certain embodiments, C9ORF72 protein levels are reduced. In certain embodiments, certain C9ORF72 mRNA variants are preferentially reduced. In certain embodiments, the C9ORF72 mRNA variants preferentially reduced are variants containing intron 1. In certain embodiments, intron 1 contains a hexanucleotide repeat expansion. In certain embodiments, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion is associated with a C9ORF72 associated disease. In certain embodiments, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion is associated with a C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion associated disease. In certain embodiments, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion comprises at least 30 GGGGCC repeats. In certain embodiments, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion is associated with nuclear foci. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods described herein are useful for reducing C9ORF72 mRNA levels, C9ORF72 protein levels, and nuclear foci. Such reduction can occur in a time-dependent manner or in a dose-dependent manner.

Also provided are methods useful for preventing, treating, and ameliorating diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with C9ORF72. In certain embodiments, such diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with C9ORF72 are neurodegenerative diseases. In certain embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), corticalbasal degeneration syndrome (CBD), atypical Parkinsonian syndrome, and olivopontocerellar degeneration (OPCD).

Such diseases, disorders, and conditions can have one or more risk factors, causes, or outcomes in common. Certain risk factors and causes for development of a neurodegenerative disease, and, in particular, ALS and FTD, include genetic predisposition and older age.

In certain embodiments, methods of treatment include administering a C9ORF72 specific inhibitor to an individual in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the C9ORF72 specific inhibitor is a nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is an antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound is a single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide is complementary to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. Herein, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Additionally, as used herein, the use of “and” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “includes” and “included”, is not limiting. Also, terms such as “element” or “component” encompass both elements and components comprising one unit and elements and components that comprise more than one subunit, unless specifically stated otherwise.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All documents, or portions of documents, cited in this disclosure, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, published patent applications, articles, books, treatises, and GENBANK Accession Numbers and associated sequence information obtainable through databases such as National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and other data referred to throughout in the disclosure herein are hereby expressly incorporated by reference for the portions of the document discussed herein, as well as in their entirety.

Definitions

Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature utilized in connection with, and the procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques may be used for chemical synthesis, and chemical analysis.

Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms have the following meanings:

“2′-O-methoxyethyl group” (also 2′-MOE and 2′-OCH₂CH₂—OCH₃ and MOE) refers to an O-methoxy-ethyl modification of the 2′ position of a furanosyl ring. A 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified sugar is a modified sugar.

“2′-MOE nucleoside” (also 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleoside) means a nucleoside comprising a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.

“5-methylcytosine” means a cytosine modified with a methyl group attached to the 5′ position. A 5-methylcytosine is a modified nucleobase.

“About” means within ±7% of a value. For example, if it is stated, “the compounds affected at least about 70% inhibition of C9ORF72”, it is implied that the C9ORF72 levels are inhibited within a range of 63% and 77%.

“Administered concomitantly” refers to the co-administration of two pharmaceutical agents in any manner in which the pharmacological effects of both are manifest in the patient at the same time. Concomitant administration does not require that both pharmaceutical agents be administered in a single pharmaceutical composition, in the same dosage form, or by the same route of administration. The effects of both pharmaceutical agents need not manifest themselves at the same time. The effects need only be overlapping for a period of time and need not be coextensive.

“Administering” means providing a pharmaceutical agent to an animal, and includes, but is not limited to administering by a medical professional and self-administering.

“Amelioration” or “ameliorate” or “ameliorating” refers to a lessening of at least one indicator, sign, or symptom of a disease, disorder, or condition. The severity of indicators may be determined by subjective or objective measures, which are known to those skilled in the art.

“Animal” refers to a human or non-human animal, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, and non-human primates, including, but not limited to, monkeys and chimpanzees.

“Antibody” refers to a molecule characterized by reacting specifically with an antigen in some way, where the antibody and the antigen are each defined in terms of the other. Antibody may refer to a complete antibody molecule or any fragment or region thereof, such as the heavy chain, the light chain, Fab region, and Fc region.

“Antisense activity” means any detectable or measurable activity attributable to the hybridization of an antisense compound to its target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, antisense activity is a decrease in the amount or expression of a target nucleic acid or protein encoded by such target nucleic acid.

“Antisense compound” means an oligomeric compound that is capable of undergoing hybridization to a target nucleic acid through hydrogen bonding. Examples of antisense compounds include single-stranded and double-stranded compounds, such as, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, shRNAs, ssRNAs, and occupancy-based compounds. Antisense mechanisms include, without limitation, RNase H mediated antisense; RNAi mechanisms, which utilize the RISC pathway and include, without limitation, siRNA, ssRNA and microRNA mechanisms; and occupancy based mechanisms, including, without limitiation uniform modified oligonucleotides. Certain antisense compounds may act through more than one such mechanism and/or through additional mechanisms.

“Antisense inhibition” means reduction of target nucleic acid levels or target protein levels in the presence of an antisense compound complementary to a target nucleic acid compared to target nucleic acid levels or target protein levels in the absence of the antisense compound. Inhibition may be any means including RNase H degradation, such as with a gapmer, and steric blockage, such as with a uniformly modified oligonucleotide.

“Antisense oligonucleotide” means a single-stranded oligonucleotide having a nucleobase sequence that permits hybridization to a corresponding segment of a target nucleic acid.

“Bicyclic sugar” means a furanosyl ring modified by the bridging of two atoms. A bicyclic sugar is a modified sugar.

“Bicyclic nucleoside” (also BNA) means a nucleoside having a sugar moiety comprising a bridge connecting two carbon atoms of the sugar ring, thereby forming a bicyclic ring system. In certain embodiments, the bridge connects the 4′-carbon and the 2′-carbon of the sugar ring.

“C9ORF72 associated disease” means any disease associated with any C9ORF72 nucleic acid or expression product thereof. Such diseases may include a neurodegenerative disease. Such neurodegenerative diseases may include ALS and FTD.

“C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion associated disease” means any disease associated with a C9ORF72 nucleic acid containing a hexanucleotide repeat expansion. In certain embodiments, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion may comprise GGGGCC, GGGGGG, GGGGGC, or GGGGCG repeated at least 30 times. Such diseases may include a neurodegenerative disease. Such neurodegenerative diseases may include ALS and FTD.

“C9ORF72 nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding C9ORF72. For example, in certain embodiments, a C9ORF72 nucleic acid includes a DNA sequence encoding C9ORF72, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding C9ORF72 (including genomic DNA comprising introns and exons), and an mRNA sequence encoding C9ORF72. “C9ORF72 mRNA” means an mRNA encoding a C9ORF72 protein.

“C9ORF72 specific inhibitor” refers to any agent capable of specifically inhibiting the expression of C9ORF72 mRNA and/or C9ORF72 protein at the molecular level. For example, C9ORF72 specific inhibitors include nucleic acids (including antisense compounds), siRNAs, aptamers, antibodies, peptides, small molecules, and other agents capable of inhibiting the expression of C9ORF72 mRNA and/or C9ORF72 protein. Similarly, in certain embodiments, C9ORF72 specific inhibitors may affect other molecular processes in an animal.

“Cap structure” or “terminal cap moiety” means chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at either terminus of an antisense compound.

“cEt” or “constrained ethyl” means a bicyclic nucleoside having a sugar moiety comprising a bridge connecting the 4′-carbon and the 2′-carbon, wherein the bridge has the formula: 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.

“Constrained ethyl nucleoside” (also cEt nucleoside) means a nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety comprising a 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ bridge.

“Chemically distinct region” refers to a region of an antisense compound that is in some way chemically different than another region of the same antisense compound. For example, a region having 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleosides is chemically distinct from a region having nucleosides without 2′-O-methoxyethyl modifications.

“Chimeric antisense compound” means an antisense compound that has at least two chemically distinct regions.

“Co-administration” means administration of two or more pharmaceutical agents to an individual. The two or more pharmaceutical agents may be in a single pharmaceutical composition, or may be in separate pharmaceutical compositions. Each of the two or more pharmaceutical agents may be administered through the same or different routes of administration. Co-administration encompasses parallel or sequential administration.

“Complementarity” means the capacity for pairing between nucleobases of a first nucleic acid and a second nucleic acid.

“Contiguous nucleobases” means nucleobases immediately adjacent to each other.

“Diluent” means an ingredient in a composition that lacks pharmacological activity, but is pharmaceutically necessary or desirable. For example, the diluent in an injected composition may be a liquid, e.g. saline solution.

“Dose” means a specified quantity of a pharmaceutical agent provided in a single administration, or in a specified time period. In certain embodiments, a dose may be administered in one, two, or more boluses, tablets, or injections. For example, in certain embodiments where subcutaneous administration is desired, the desired dose requires a volume not easily accommodated by a single injection, therefore, two or more injections may be used to achieve the desired dose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent is administered by infusion over an extended period of time or continuously. Doses may be stated as the amount of pharmaceutical agent per hour, day, week, or month.

“Effective amount” means the amount of pharmaceutical agent sufficient to effectuate a desired physiological outcome in an individual in need of the pharmaceutical agent. The effective amount may vary among individuals depending on the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, the taxonomic group of the individuals to be treated, the formulation of the composition, assessment of the individual's medical condition, and other relevant factors.

“Expression” means conversion of the information from a C9ORF72 gene into mRNA via transcription and then to protein via translation. Expression may result in a phenotypic manifestation of the C9ORF72 gene.

“Fully complementary” or “100% complementary” means each nucleobase of a first nucleic acid has a complementary nucleobase in a second nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a first nucleic acid is an antisense compound and a target nucleic acid is a second nucleic acid.

“Gapmer” means a chimeric antisense compound in which an internal region having a plurality of nucleosides that support RNase H cleavage is positioned between external regions having one or more nucleosides, wherein the nucleosides comprising the internal region are chemically distinct from the nucleoside or nucleosides comprising the external regions. The internal region may be referred to as a “gap” and the external regions may be referred to as the “wings.”

“Gap-narrowed” means a chimeric antisense compound having a gap segment of 9 or fewer contiguous 2′-deoxyribonucleosides positioned between and immediately adjacent to 5′ and 3′ wing segments having from 1 to 6 nucleosides.

“Gap-widened” means a chimeric antisense compound having a gap segment of 12 or more contiguous 2′-deoxyribonucleosides positioned between and immediately adjacent to 5′ and 3′ wing segments having from 1 to 6 nucleosides.

“Hexanucleotide repeat expansion” means a series of six bases (for example, GGGGCC, GGGGGG, GGGGCG, or GGGGGC) repeated at least twice. In certain embodiments, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion may be located in intron 1 of a C9ORF72 nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a pathogenic hexanucleotide repeat expansion includes at least 30 repeats of GGGGCC, GGGGGG, GGGGCG, or GGGGGC in a C9ORF72 nucleic acid and is associated with disease. In certain embodiments, the repeats are consecutive. In certain embodiments, the repeats are interrupted by 1 or more nucleobases. In certain embodiments, a wild-type hexanucleotide repeat expansion includes 23 or fewer repeats of GGGGCC, GGGGGG, GGGGCG, or GGGGGC in a C9ORF72 nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the repeats are consecutive. In certain embodiments, the repeats are interrupted by 1 or more nucleobases.

“Hybridization” means the annealing of complementary nucleic acid molecules. In certain embodiments, complementary nucleic acid molecules include an antisense compound and a target nucleic acid.

“Identifying an animal having a C9ORF72 associated disease” means identifying an animal having been diagnosed with a C9ORF72 associated disease or predisposed to develop a C9ORF72 associated disease. Individuals predisposed to develop a C9ORF72 associated disease include those having one or more risk factors for developing a C9ORF72 associated disease, including, having a personal or family history or genetic predisposition of one or more C9ORF72 associated diseases. Such identification may be accomplished by any method including evaluating an individual's medical history and standard clinical tests or assessments, such as genetic testing.

“Immediately adjacent” means there are no intervening elements between the immediately adjacent elements.

“Individual” means a human or non-human animal selected for treatment or therapy.

“Inhibiting C9ORF72” means reducing expression of C9ORF72 mRNA and/or protein levels in the presence of a C9ORF72 specific inhibitor, including a C9ORF72 antisense oligonucleotide, as compared to expression of C9ORF72 mRNA and/or protein levels in the absence of a C9ORF72 specific inhibitor, such as a C9ORF72 antisense oligonucleotide.

“Internucleoside linkage” refers to the chemical bond between nucleosides.

“Linked nucleosides” means adjacent nucleosides which are bonded together.

“Mismatch” or “non-complementary nucleobase” refers to the case when a nucleobase of a first nucleic acid is not capable of pairing with the corresponding nucleobase of a second or target nucleic acid.

“Modified internucleoside linkage” refers to a substitution or any change from a naturally occurring internucleoside bond (i.e., a phosphodiester internucleoside bond).

“Modified nucleobase” refers to any nucleobase other than adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine, or uracil. An “unmodified nucleobase” means the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U).

“Modified nucleotide” means a nucleotide having, independently, a modified sugar moiety, modified internucleoside linkage, or modified nucleobase. A “modified nucleoside” means a nucleoside having, independently, a modified sugar moiety or modified nucleobase.

“Modified oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide comprising a modified internucleoside linkage, a modified sugar, or a modified nucleobase.

“Modified sugar” refers to a substitution or change from a natural sugar.

“Motif” means the pattern of chemically distinct regions in an antisense compound.

“Naturally occurring internucleoside linkage” means a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

“Natural sugar moiety” means a sugar found in DNA (2′-H) or RNA (2′-OH).

“Nucleic acid” refers to molecules composed of monomeric nucleotides. A nucleic acid includes ribonucleic acids (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), single-stranded nucleic acids, double-stranded nucleic acids, small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNA), and microRNAs (miRNA).

“Nucleobase” means a heterocyclic moiety capable of pairing with a base of another nucleic acid.

“Nucleobase sequence” means the order of contiguous nucleobases independent of any sugar, linkage, or nucleobase modification.

“Nucleoside” means a nucleobase linked to a sugar.

“Nucleoside mimetic” includes those structures used to replace the sugar or the sugar and the base and not necessarily the linkage at one or more positions of an oligomeric compound such as for example nucleoside mimetics having morpholino, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydropyranyl, bicyclo, or tricyclo sugar mimetics, e.g., non furanose sugar units. Nucleotide mimetic includes those structures used to replace the nucleoside and the linkage at one or more positions of an oligomeric compound such as for example peptide nucleic acids or morpholinos (morpholinos linked by —N(H)—C(═O)—O— or other non-phosphodiester linkage). Sugar surrogate overlaps with the slightly broader term nucleoside mimetic but is intended to indicate replacement of the sugar unit (furanose ring) only. The tetrahydropyranyl rings provided herein are illustrative of an example of a sugar surrogate wherein the furanose sugar group has been replaced with a tetrahydropyranyl ring system.

“Nucleotide” means a nucleoside having a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside.

“Oligomeric compound” or “oligomer” means a polymer of linked monomeric subunits which is capable of hybridizing to at least a region of a nucleic acid molecule.

“Oligonucleotide” means a polymer of linked nucleosides each of which can be modified or unmodified, independent one from another.

“Parenteral administration” means administration through injection or infusion. Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous administration, intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, intraarterial administration, intraperitoneal administration, or intracranial administration, e.g., intrathecal or intracerebroventricular administration.

“Peptide” means a molecule formed by linking at least two amino acids by amide bonds. Peptide refers to polypeptides and proteins.

“Pharmaceutical agent” means the substance or substances in a pharmaceutical composition that provide a therapeutic benefit when administered to an individual. For example, in certain embodiments an antisense oligonucleotide targeted to C9ORF72 is a pharmaceutical agent.

“Pharmaceutical composition” means a mixture of substances suitable for administering to an individual. For example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more pharmaceutical agents and a sterile aqueous solution.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable salts, conjugates, prodrugs or isomers of the compounds described herein.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of antisense compounds, i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent oligonucleotide and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

“Phosphorothioate linkage” means a linkage between nucleosides where the phosphodiester bond is modified by replacing one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms with a sulfur atom. A phosphorothioate linkage (P═S) is a modified internucleoside linkage.

“Portion” means a defined number of contiguous (i.e., linked) nucleobases of a nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a portion is a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a portion is a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of an antisense compound.

“Prevent” or “preventing” refers to delaying or forestalling the onset or development of a disease, disorder, or condition for a period of time from minutes to indefinitely. Prevent also means reducing risk of developing a disease, disorder, or condition.

“Prodrug” means a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals or conditions.

“Side effects” means physiological responses attributable to a treatment other than the desired effects. In certain embodiments, side effects include injection site reactions, liver function test abnormalities, renal function abnormalities, liver toxicity, renal toxicity, central nervous system abnormalities, myopathies, and malaise.

“Single-stranded oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide which is not hybridized to a complementary strand.

“Specifically hybridizable” refers to an antisense compound having a sufficient degree of complementarity between an antisense oligonucleotide and a target nucleic acid to induce a desired effect, while exhibiting minimal or no effects on non-target nucleic acids under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays and therapeutic treatments.

“Targeting” or “targeted” means the process of design and selection of an antisense compound that will specifically hybridize to a target nucleic acid and induce a desired effect.

“Target nucleic acid,” “target RNA,” and “target RNA transcript” all refer to a nucleic acid capable of being targeted by antisense compounds.

“Target segment” means the sequence of nucleotides of a target nucleic acid to which an antisense compound is targeted. “5′ target site” refers to the 5′-most nucleotide of a target segment. “3′ target site” refers to the 3′-most nucleotide of a target segment.

“Therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that provides a therapeutic benefit to an individual.

“Treat” or “treating” refers to administering a pharmaceutical composition to effect an alteration or improvement of a disease, disorder, or condition.

“Unmodified nucleotide” means a nucleotide composed of naturally occurring nucleobases, sugar moieties, and internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, an unmodified nucleotide is an RNA nucleotide (i.e. β-D-ribonucleosides) or a DNA nucleotide (i.e. β-D-deoxyribonucleoside).

Certain Embodiments

Certain embodiments provide methods for decreasing C9ORF72 mRNA and protein expression.

Certain embodiments provide methods for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with C9ORF72 in an individual in need thereof. Also contemplated are methods for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or condition associated with C9ORF72. C9ORF72 associated diseases, disorders, and conditions include neurodegenerative diseases. In certain embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease may be ALS or FTD. In certain embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease may be familial or sporadic.

Certain embodiments provide for the use of a C9ORF72 specific inhibitor for treating, preventing, or ameliorating a C9ORF72 associated disease. Certain embodiments provide for the use of a C9ORF72 specific inhibitor for treating, preventing, or ameliorating a C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion associated disease. In certain embodiments, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion may comprise GGGGCC, GGGGGG, GGGGGC, or GGGGCG. In certain embodiments, C9ORF72 specific inhibitors are nucleic acids (including antisense compounds), peptides, antibodies, small molecules, and other agents capable of inhibiting the expression of C9ORF72 mRNA and/or C9ORF72 protein.

Described herein are compounds comprising a single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide complementary to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid or a C9ORF72 homolog nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, the C9ORF72 nucleic acid is a human C9ORF72 nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, the C9ORF72 nucleic acid contains a hexanucleotide repeat expansion.

In certain embodiments, the C9ORF72 nucleic acid does not contain a hexanucleotide repeat expansion.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide is specifically hybridizable to a human C9ORF72 nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% complementary to an equal length portion of a human C9ORF72 nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide is complementary to any of exon, an intron, the 5′ UTR, the 3′ UTR, a repeat region, a splice junction, an exon:exon splice junction, an exonic splicing silencer (ESS), an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE), exon 1a, exon 1b, exon 1c, exon 1d, exon 1e, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, intron 1, intron 2, intron 3, intron 4, intron 5, intron 6, intron 7, intron 8, intron 9, or intron 10 of a human C9ORF72 nucleic acid.

Described herein are compounds comprising a single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides and comprising a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID NO: 30-369.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modification.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide is a modified internucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside having a modified sugar.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar.

In certain embodiments, the bicyclic sugar comprises a 4′ to 2′ bridge selected from among: 4′-(CH₂)_(n)—O-2′ bridge, wherein n is 1 or 2; and 4′-CH₂—O—CH₂-2′.

In certain embodiments, the bicyclic sugar comprises a 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ bridge.

In certain embodiments, the at least one modified nucleoside having a modified sugar comprises a non-bicyclic 2′-modified modified sugar moiety.

In certain embodiments, the 2′-modified sugar moiety comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.

In certain embodiments, the 2′-modified sugar moiety comprises a 2′-O-methyl group.

In certain embodiments, the at least one modified nucleoside having a modified sugar comprises a sugar surrogate.

In certain embodiments, the sugar surrogate is a morpholino.

In certain embodiments, the sugar surrogate is a peptide nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, each nucleoside is modified.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleobase.

In certain embodiments, the modified nucleobase is a 5′-methylcytosine.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide comprises:

a gap segment consisting of linked deoxynucleosides; a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; wherein the gap segment is positioned immediately adjacent to and between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide comprises:

a gap segment consisting of ten linked deoxynucleosides; a 5′ wing segment consisting of five linked nucleosides; a 3′ wing segment consisting of five linked nucleosides; wherein the gap segment is positioned immediately adjacent and between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment, wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar; and wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 15 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 17 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 18 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 19 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 20 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 21 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 22 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 23 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 24 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide consists of 25 linked nucleosides.

Described herein are uses of the compound for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a neurodegenerative disease.

Provided herein are methods of preferentially inhibiting expression of mRNA transcripts containing a hexanucleotide repeat expansion by contacting a cell with an antisense oligonucleotide targeting upstream of exon 1B.

Antisense Compounds

Oligomeric compounds include, but are not limited to, oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleotide mimetics, antisense compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, and siRNAs. An oligomeric compound may be “antisense” to a target nucleic acid, meaning that is is capable of undergoing hybridization to a target nucleic acid through hydrogen bonding.

In certain embodiments, an antisense compound has a nucleobase sequence that, when written in the 5′ to 3′ direction, comprises the reverse complement of the target segment of a target nucleic acid to which it is targeted. In certain such embodiments, an antisense oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence that, when written in the 5′ to 3′ direction, comprises the reverse complement of the target segment of a target nucleic acid to which it is targeted.

In certain embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid is 12 to 30 subunits in length. In other words, such antisense compounds are from 12 to 30 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound is 8 to 80, 12 to 50, 15 to 30, 18 to 24, 19 to 22, or 20 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 linked subunits in length, or a range defined by any two of the above values. In some embodiments the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide, and the linked subunits are nucleosides.

In certain embodiments antisense oligonucleotides targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid may be shortened or truncated. For example, a single subunit may be deleted from the 5′ end (5′ truncation), or alternatively from the 3′ end (3′ truncation). A shortened or truncated antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid may have two subunits deleted from the 5′ end, or alternatively may have two subunits deleted from the 3′ end, of the antisense compound. Alternatively, the deleted nucleosides may be dispersed throughout the antisense compound, for example, in an antisense compound having one nucleoside deleted from the 5′ end and one nucleoside deleted from the 3′ end.

When a single additional subunit is present in a lengthened antisense compound, the additional subunit may be located at the 5′ or 3′ end of the antisense compound. When two or more additional subunits are present, the added subunits may be adjacent to each other, for example, in an antisense compound having two subunits added to the 5′ end (5′ addition), or alternatively to the 3′ end (3′ addition), of the antisense compound. Alternatively, the added subunits may be dispersed throughout the antisense compound, for example, in an antisense compound having one subunit added to the 5′ end and one subunit added to the 3′ end.

It is possible to increase or decrease the length of an antisense compound, such as an antisense oligonucleotide, and/or introduce mismatch bases without eliminating activity. For example, in Woolf et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7305-7309, 1992), a series of antisense oligonucleotides 13-25 nucleobases in length were tested for their ability to induce cleavage of a target RNA in an oocyte injection model. Antisense oligonucleotides 25 nucleobases in length with 8 or 11 mismatch bases near the ends of the antisense oligonucleotides were able to direct specific cleavage of the target mRNA, albeit to a lesser extent than the antisense oligonucleotides that contained no mismatches. Similarly, target specific cleavage was achieved using 13 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides, including those with 1 or 3 mismatches.

Gautschi et al (J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93:463-471, March 2001) demonstrated the ability of an oligonucleotide having 100% complementarity to the bc1-2 mRNA and having 3 mismatches to the bc1-xL mRNA to reduce the expression of both bc1-2 and bc1-xL in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, this oligonucleotide demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in vivo.

Maher and Dolnick (Nuc. Acid. Res. 16:3341-3358, 1988) tested a series of tandem 14 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides, and a 28 and 42 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides comprised of the sequence of two or three of the tandem antisense oligonucleotides, respectively, for their ability to arrest translation of human DHFR in a rabbit reticulocyte assay. Each of the three 14 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides alone was able to inhibit translation, albeit at a more modest level than the 28 or 42 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides.

Antisense Compound Motifs

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid have chemically modified subunits arranged in patterns, or motifs, to confer to the antisense compounds properties such as enhanced inhibitory activity, increased binding affinity for a target nucleic acid, or resistance to degradation by in vivo nucleases.

Chimeric antisense compounds typically contain at least one region modified so as to confer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid, and/or increased inhibitory activity. A second region of a chimeric antisense compound may optionally serve as a substrate for the cellular endonuclease RNase H, which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex.

Antisense compounds having a gapmer motif are considered chimeric antisense compounds. In a gapmer an internal region having a plurality of nucleotides that supports RNaseH cleavage is positioned between external regions having a plurality of nucleotides that are chemically distinct from the nucleosides of the internal region. In the case of an antisense oligonucleotide having a gapmer motif, the gap segment generally serves as the substrate for endonuclease cleavage, while the wing segments comprise modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the regions of a gapmer are differentiated by the types of sugar moieties comprising each distinct region. The types of sugar moieties that are used to differentiate the regions of a gapmer may in some embodiments include β-D-ribonucleosides, β-D-deoxyribonucleosides, 2′-modified nucleosides (such 2′-modified nucleosides may include 2′-MOE, and 2′-O—CH₃, among others), and bicyclic sugar modified nucleosides (such bicyclic sugar modified nucleosides may include those having a 4′-(CH₂)n-O-2′ bridge, where n=1 or n=2 and 4′-CH₂—O—CH₂-2′). Preferably, each distinct region comprises uniform sugar moieties. The wing-gap-wing motif is frequently described as “X-Y-Z”, where “X” represents the length of the 5′ wing region, “Y” represents the length of the gap region, and “Z” represents the length of the 3′ wing region. As used herein, a gapmer described as “X-Y-Z” has a configuration such that the gap segment is positioned immediately adjacent to each of the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment. Thus, no intervening nucleotides exist between the 5′ wing segment and gap segment, or the gap segment and the 3′ wing segment. Any of the antisense compounds described herein can have a gapmer motif. In some embodiments, X and Z are the same, in other embodiments they are different. In a preferred embodiment, Y is between 8 and 15 nucleotides. X, Y or Z can be any of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides. Thus, gapmers described herein include, but are not limited to, for example 5-10-5, 5-10-4, 4-10-4, 4-10-3, 3-10-3, 2-10-2, 5-9-5, 5-9-4, 4-9-5, 5-8-5, 5-8-4, 4-8-5, 5-7-5, 4-7-5, 5-7-4, or 4-7-4.

In certain embodiments, the antisense compound has a “wingmer” motif, having a wing-gap or gap-wing configuration, i.e. an X-Y or Y-Z configuration as described above for the gapmer configuration. Thus, wingmer configurations described herein include, but are not limited to, for example 5-10, 8-4, 4-12, 12-4, 3-14, 16-2, 18-1, 10-3, 2-10, 1-10, 8-2, 2-13, 5-13, 5-8, or 6-8.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid possess a 5-10-5 gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid possess a 5-10-4 gapmer motif.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid possess a 4-10-4 gapmer motif.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid possess a 4-10-3 gapmer motif.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid possess a 5-9-5 gapmer motif.

In certain embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid has a gap-narrowed motif. In certain embodiments, a gap-narrowed antisense oligonucleotide targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid has a gap segment of 9, 8, 7, or 6 2′-deoxynucleotides positioned immediately adjacent to and between wing segments of 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 chemically modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the chemical modification comprises a bicyclic sugar. In certain embodiments, the bicyclic sugar comprises a 4′ to 2′ bridge selected from among: 4′-(CH₂)_(n)—O-2′ bridge, wherein n is 1 or 2; and 4′-CH₂—O—CH₂-2′. In certain embodiments, the bicyclic sugar is comprises a 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ bridge. In certain embodiments, the chemical modification comprises a non-bicyclic 2′-modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, the non-bicyclic 2′-modified sugar moiety comprises a 2′-O-methylethyl group or a 2′-O-methyl group.

In certain embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid is uniformly modified. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound comprises 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, each nucleosides is chemically modified. In certain embodiments, the chemical modification comprises a non-bicyclic 2′-modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, the 2′-modified sugar moiety comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group. In certain embodiments, the 2′-modified sugar moiety comprises a 2′-O-methyl group. In certain embodiments, uniformly modified antisense compounds may target C9ORF72, or any portion thereof, such as a hexanucleotide repeat expansion. In certain embodiments, targeting the hexanucleotide repeat expansion with a unformily modified antisense compound reduces the repeat RNA by blocking the interaction with RNA binding proteins. In certain embodiments, this results in the toxic RNA being absent from foci and being degraded instead.

Target Nucleic Acids, Target Regions and Nucleotide Sequences

Nucleotide sequences that encode C9ORF72 include, without limitation, the following: the complement of GENBANK Accession No. NM 001256054.1 (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1), GENBANK Accession No. NT 008413.18 truncated from nucleobase 27535000 to 27565000 (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2), GENBANK Accession No. BQ068108.1 (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 3), GENBANK Accession No. NM_018325.3 (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 4), GENBANK Accession No. DN993522.1 (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 5), GENBANK Accession No. NM_145005.5 (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 6), GENBANK Accession No. DB079375.1 (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 7), GENBANK Accession No. BU194591.1 (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 8), Sequence Identifier 4141_014_A (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 9), and Sequence Identifier 4008_73_A (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10).

It is understood that the sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in the Examples contained herein is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis No) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and motif.

In certain embodiments, a target region is a structurally defined region of the target nucleic acid. For example, a target region may encompass a 3′ UTR, a 5′ UTR, an exon, an intron, an exon/intron junction, a coding region, a translation initiation region, translation termination region, or other defined nucleic acid region. The structurally defined regions for C9ORF72 can be obtained by accession number from sequence databases such as NCBI and such information is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, a target region may encompass the sequence from a 5′ target site of one target segment within the target region to a 3′ target site of another target segment within the same target region.

Targeting includes determination of at least one target segment to which an antisense compound hybridizes, such that a desired effect occurs. In certain embodiments, the desired effect is a reduction in mRNA target nucleic acid levels. In certain embodiments, the desired effect is reduction of levels of protein encoded by the target nucleic acid or a phenotypic change associated with the target nucleic acid.

A target region may contain one or more target segments. Multiple target segments within a target region may be overlapping. Alternatively, they may be non-overlapping. In certain embodiments, target segments within a target region are separated by no more than about 300 nucleotides. In certain embodiments, target segments within a target region are separated by a number of nucleotides that is, is about, is no more than, is no more than about, 250, 200, 150, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 nucleotides on the target nucleic acid, or is a range defined by any two of the preceeding values. In certain embodiments, target segments within a target region are separated by no more than, or no more than about, 5 nucleotides on the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, target segments are contiguous. Contemplated are target regions defined by a range having a starting nucleic acid that is any of the 5′ target sites or 3′ target sites listed herein.

Suitable target segments may be found within a 5′ UTR, a coding region, a 3′ UTR, an intron, an exon, or an exon/intron junction. Target segments containing a start codon or a stop codon are also suitable target segments. A suitable target segment may specifically exclude a certain structurally defined region such as the start codon or stop codon.

The determination of suitable target segments may include a comparison of the sequence of a target nucleic acid to other sequences throughout the genome. For example, the BLAST algorithm may be used to identify regions of similarity amongst different nucleic acids. This comparison can prevent the selection of antisense compound sequences that may hybridize in a non-specific manner to sequences other than a selected target nucleic acid (i.e., non-target or off-target sequences).

There may be variation in activity (e.g., as defined by percent reduction of target nucleic acid levels) of the antisense compounds within a target region. In certain embodiments, reductions in C9ORF72 mRNA levels are indicative of inhibition of C9ORF72 expression. Reductions in levels of a C9ORF72 protein are also indicative of inhibition of target mRNA expression. Reduction in the presence of expanded C9ORF72 RNA foci are indicative of inhibition of C9ORF72 expression. Further, phenotypic changes are indicative of inhibition of C9ORF72 expression. For example, improved motor function and respiration may be indicative of inhibition of C9ORF72 expression.

Hybridization

In some embodiments, hybridization occurs between an antisense compound disclosed herein and a C9ORF72 nucleic acid. The most common mechanism of hybridization involves hydrogen bonding (e.g., Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding) between complementary nucleobases of the nucleic acid molecules.

Hybridization can occur under varying conditions. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and are determined by the nature and composition of the nucleic acid molecules to be hybridized.

Methods of determining whether a sequence is specifically hybridizable to a target nucleic acid are well known in the art. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein are specifically hybridizable with a C9ORF72 nucleic acid.

Complementarity

An antisense compound and a target nucleic acid are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of nucleobases of the antisense compound can hydrogen bond with the corresponding nucleobases of the target nucleic acid, such that a desired effect will occur (e.g., antisense inhibition of a target nucleic acid, such as a C9ORF72 nucleic acid).

Non-complementary nucleobases between an antisense compound and a C9ORF72 nucleic acid may be tolerated provided that the antisense compound remains able to specifically hybridize to a target nucleic acid. Moreover, an antisense compound may hybridize over one or more segments of a C9ORF72 nucleic acid such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure, mismatch or hairpin structure).

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein, or a specified portion thereof, are, or are at least, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% complementary to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid, a target region, target segment, or specified portion thereof. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a target nucleic acid can be determined using routine methods.

For example, an antisense compound in which 18 of 20 nucleobases of the antisense compound are complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplementary nucleobases may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleobases and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleobases. As such, an antisense compound which is 18 nucleobases in length having 4 (four) noncomplementary nucleobases which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 215, 403 410; Zhang and Madden, Genome Res., 1997, 7, 649 656). Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., 1981, 2, 482 489).

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein, or specified portions thereof, are fully complementary (i.e., 100% complementary) to a target nucleic acid, or specified portion thereof. For example, an antisense compound may be fully complementary to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid, or a target region, or a target segment or target sequence thereof. As used herein, “fully complementary” means each nucleobase of an antisense compound is capable of precise base pairing with the corresponding nucleobases of a target nucleic acid. For example, a 20 nucleobase antisense compound is fully complementary to a target sequence that is 400 nucleobases long, so long as there is a corresponding 20 nucleobase portion of the target nucleic acid that is fully complementary to the antisense compound. Fully complementary can also be used in reference to a specified portion of the first and/or the second nucleic acid. For example, a 20 nucleobase portion of a 30 nucleobase antisense compound can be “fully complementary” to a target sequence that is 400 nucleobases long. The 20 nucleobase portion of the 30 nucleobase oligonucleotide is fully complementary to the target sequence if the target sequence has a corresponding 20 nucleobase portion wherein each nucleobase is complementary to the 20 nucleobase portion of the antisense compound. At the same time, the entire 30 nucleobase antisense compound may or may not be fully complementary to the target sequence, depending on whether the remaining 10 nucleobases of the antisense compound are also complementary to the target sequence.

The location of a non-complementary nucleobase may be at the 5′ end or 3′ end of the antisense compound. Alternatively, the non-complementary nucleobase or nucleobases may be at an internal position of the antisense compound. When two or more non-complementary nucleobases are present, they may be contiguous (i.e., linked) or non-contiguous. In one embodiment, a non-complementary nucleobase is located in the wing segment of a gapmer antisense oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds that are, or are up to 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleobases in length comprise no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2, or no more than 1 non-complementary nucleobase(s) relative to a target nucleic acid, such as a C9ORF72 nucleic acid, or specified portion thereof.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds that are, or are up to 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleobases in length comprise no more than 6, no more than 5, no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2, or no more than 1 non-complementary nucleobase(s) relative to a target nucleic acid, such as a C9ORF72 nucleic acid, or specified portion thereof.

The antisense compounds provided herein also include those which are complementary to a portion of a target nucleic acid. As used herein, “portion” refers to a defined number of contiguous (i.e. linked) nucleobases within a region or segment of a target nucleic acid. A “portion” can also refer to a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of an antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds, are complementary to at least an 8 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 9 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 10 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds, are complementary to at least an 11 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds, are complementary to at least a 12 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds, are complementary to at least a 13 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds, are complementary to at least a 14 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds, are complementary to at least a 15 nucleobase portion of a target segment. Also contemplated are antisense compounds that are complementary to at least a 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more nucleobase portion of a target segment, or a range defined by any two of these values.

Identity

The antisense compounds provided herein may also have a defined percent identity to a particular nucleotide sequence, SEQ ID NO, or compound represented by a specific Isis number, or portion thereof. As used herein, an antisense compound is identical to the sequence disclosed herein if it has the same nucleobase pairing ability. For example, a RNA which contains uracil in place of thymidine in a disclosed DNA sequence would be considered identical to the DNA sequence since both uracil and thymidine pair with adenine. Shortened and lengthened versions of the antisense compounds described herein as well as compounds having non-identical bases relative to the antisense compounds provided herein also are contemplated. The non-identical bases may be adjacent to each other or dispersed throughout the antisense compound. Percent identity of an antisense compound is calculated according to the number of bases that have identical base pairing relative to the sequence to which it is being compared.

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds, or portions thereof, are at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to one or more of the antisense compounds or SEQ ID NOs, or a portion thereof, disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, a portion of the antisense compound is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleobase portion is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, a portion of the antisense oligonucleotide is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleobase portion is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid.

Modifications

A nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The nucleobase (also known as base) portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base moiety. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. Oligonucleotides are formed through the covalent linkage of adjacent nucleosides to one another, to form a linear polymeric oligonucleotide. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside linkages of the oligonucleotide.

Modifications to antisense compounds encompass substitutions or changes to internucleoside linkages, sugar moieties, or nucleobases. Modified antisense compounds are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target, increased stability in the presence of nucleases, or increased inhibitory activity.

Chemically modified nucleosides may also be employed to increase the binding affinity of a shortened or truncated antisense oligonucleotide for its target nucleic acid. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter antisense compounds that have such chemically modified nucleosides.

Modified Internucleoside Linkages

The naturally occurring internucleoside linkage of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage. Antisense compounds having one or more modified, i.e. non-naturally occurring, internucleoside linkages are often selected over antisense compounds having naturally occurring internucleoside linkages because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for target nucleic acids, and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

Oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkages include internucleoside linkages that retain a phosphorus atom as well as internucleoside linkages that do not have a phosphorus atom. Representative phosphorus containing internucleoside linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphodiesters, phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidate, and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing linkages are well known.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid comprise one or more modified internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the modified internucleoside linkages are interspersed throughout the antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the modified internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of an antisense compound is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

Modified Sugar Moieties

Antisense compounds can optionally contain one or more nucleosides wherein the sugar group has been modified. Such sugar modified nucleosides may impart enhanced nuclease stability, increased binding affinity, or some other beneficial biological property to the antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, nucleosides comprise chemically modified ribofuranose ring moieties. Examples of chemically modified ribofuranose rings include without limitation, addition of substitutent groups (including 5′ and 2′ substituent groups, bridging of non-geminal ring atoms to form bicyclic nucleic acids (BNA), replacement of the ribosyl ring oxygen atom with S, N(R), or C(R₁)(R₂) (R, R₁ and R₂ are each independently H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or a protecting group) and combinations thereof. Examples of chemically modified sugars include 2′-F-5′-methyl substituted nucleoside (see PCT International Application WO 2008/101157 Published on Aug. 21, 2008 for other disclosed 5′,2′-bis substituted nucleosides) or replacement of the ribosyl ring oxygen atom with S with further substitution at the 2′-position (see published U.S. Patent Application US2005-0130923, published on Jun. 16, 2005) or alternatively 5′-substitution of a BNA (see PCT International Application WO 2007/134181 Published on Nov. 22, 2007 wherein LNA is substituted with for example a 5′-methyl or a 5′-vinyl group).

Examples of nucleosides having modified sugar moieties include without limitation nucleosides comprising 5′-vinyl, 5′-methyl (R or S), 4′-S, 2′-F, 2′-OCH₃, 2′-OCH₂CH₃, 2′-OCH₂CH₂F and 2′-O(CH₂)₂OCH₃ substituent groups. The substituent at the 2′ position can also be selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, OCF₃, OCH₂F, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O(CH₂)₂—O—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), and O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(R₁)—(CH₂)₂—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), where each R_(l), R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

As used herein, “bicyclic nucleosides” refer to modified nucleosides comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety. Examples of bicyclic nucleosides include without limitation nucleosides comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ ribosyl ring atoms. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds provided herein include one or more bicyclic nucleosides comprising a 4′ to 2′ bridge. Examples of such 4′ to 2′ bridged bicyclic nucleosides, include but are not limited to one of the formulae: 4′-(CH₂)—O-2′ (LNA); 4′-(CH₂)—S-2; 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′ (ENA); 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ and 4′-CH(CH₂OCH₃)—O-2′ (and analogs thereof see U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,845, issued on Jul. 15, 2008); 4′-C(CH₃)(CH₃)—O-2′ (and analogs thereof see published International Application WO/2009/006478, published Jan. 8, 2009); 4′-CH₂—N(OCH₃)-2′ (and analogs thereof see published International Application WO/2008/150729, published Dec. 11, 2008); 4′-CH₂—O—N(CH₃)-2′ (see published U.S. Patent Application US2004-0171570, published Sep. 2, 2004); 4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′, wherein R is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, or a protecting group (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,427,672, issued on Sep. 23, 2008); 4′-CH₂—C(H)(CH₃)-2′ (see Chattopadhyaya et al., J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 118-134); and 4′-CH₂—C—(═CH₂)-2′ (and analogs thereof see published International Application WO 2008/154401, published on Dec. 8, 2008).

Further reports related to bicyclic nucleosides can also be found in published literature (see for example: Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456; Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630; Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 2000, 97, 5633-5638; Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222; Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039; Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(26) 8362-8379; Elayadi et al., Curr. Opinion Invest. Drugs, 2001, 2, 558-561; Braasch et al., Chem. Biol., 2001, 8, 1-7; and Orum et al., Curr. Opinion Mol. Ther., 2001, 3, 239-243; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,490; 6,525,191; 6,670,461; 6,770,748; 6,794,499; 7,034,133; 7,053,207; 7,399,845; 7,547,684; and 7,696,345; U.S. Patent Publication No. US2008-0039618; US2009-0012281; U.S. Patent Ser. Nos. 60/989,574; 61/026,995; 61/026,998; 61/056,564; 61/086,231; 61/097,787; and 61/099,844; Published PCT International applications WO 1994/014226; WO 2004/106356; WO 2005/021570; WO 2007/134181; WO 2008/150729; WO 2008/154401; and WO 2009/006478. Each of the foregoing bicyclic nucleosides can be prepared having one or more stereochemical sugar configurations including for example α-L-ribofuranose and β-D-ribofuranose (see PCT international application PCT/DK98/00393, published on Mar. 25, 1999 as WO 99/14226).

In certain embodiments, bicyclic sugar moieties of BNA nucleosides include, but are not limited to, compounds having at least one bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ position of the pentofuranosyl sugar moiety wherein such bridges independently comprises 1 or from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—, —C(R_(a))═C(R_(b))—, —C(R_(a))═N—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR_(a))—, —C(═S)—, —O—, —Si(R_(a))₂—, —S(═O)_(x)—, and —N(R_(a))—;

wherein:

x is 0, 1, or 2;

n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each R_(a) and R_(b) is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ₁, NJ₁J₂, SJ₁, N₃, COOJ₁, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(═O)₂-J₁), or sulfoxyl (S(═O)-J₁); and

each J₁ and J₂ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl or a protecting group.

In certain embodiments, the bridge of a bicyclic sugar moiety is —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—, —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—O—, —C(R_(a)R_(b))—N(R)—O— or —C(R_(a)R_(b))—O—N(R)—. In certain embodiments, the bridge is 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₃-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R)-2′ and 4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′- wherein each R is, independently, H, a protecting group or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are further defined by isomeric configuration. For example, a nucleoside comprising a 4′-2′ methylene-oxy bridge, may be in the α-L configuration or in the β-D configuration. Previously, α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA's have been incorporated into antisense oligonucleotides that showed antisense activity (Frieden et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 21, 6365-6372).

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides include, but are not limited to, (A) α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA, (B) β-D-methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA, (C) ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′) BNA, (D) aminooxy (4′-CH₂—O—N(R)-2′) BNA, (E) oxyamino (4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′) BNA, and (F) methyl(methyleneoxy) (4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′) BNA, (G) methylene-thio (4′-CH₂—S-2′) BNA, (H) methylene-amino (4′-CH₂—N(R)-2′) BNA, (I) methyl carbocyclic (4′-CH₂—CH(CH₃)-2′) BNA, and (J) propylene carbocyclic (4′-(CH₂)₃-2′) BNA as depicted below.

wherein Bx is the base moiety and R is independently H, a protecting group or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula I:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

-Q_(a)-Q_(b)-Q_(c)- is —CH₂—N(R_(c))—CH₂—, —C(═O)—N(R_(c))—CH₂—, —CH₂—O—N(R_(c))—, —CH₂—N(R_(c))—O— or —N(R_(c))—O—CH₂;

R_(c) is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or an amino protecting group; and

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula II:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

Z_(a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, acyl, substituted acyl, substituted amide, thiol or substituted thio.

In one embodiment, each of the substituted groups is, independently, mono or poly substituted with substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ_(c), NJ_(c)J_(d), SJ_(c), N₃, OC(═X)J_(c), and NJ_(e)C(═X)NJ_(c)J_(d), wherein each J_(c), J_(d) and J_(e) is, independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl and X is O or NJ_(c).

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula III:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

Z_(b) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted acyl (C(═O)—).

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula IV:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

R_(d) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

each q_(a), q_(b), q_(c) and q_(d) is, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, acyl, substituted acyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl or substituted C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl;

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula V:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

q_(a), q_(b), q_(e) and q_(f) are each, independently, hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, OJ_(j), SJ_(j), SOJ_(j), SO₂J_(j), NJ_(J)J_(k), N₃, CN, C(═O)OJ_(j), C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k), C(═O)J_(j), O—C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k), N(H)C(═NH)NJ_(j)J_(k), N(H)C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k) or N(H)C(═S)NJ_(j)J_(k);

or q_(e) and q_(f) together are ═C(q_(g))(q_(h));

q_(g) and q_(h) are each, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

The synthesis and preparation of the methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA monomers adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5-methyl-cytosine, thymine and uracil, along with their oligomerization, and nucleic acid recognition properties have been described (Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630). BNAs and preparation thereof are also described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.

Analogs of methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA and 2′-thio-BNAs, have also been prepared (Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222). Preparation of locked nucleoside analogs comprising oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplexes as substrates for nucleic acid polymerases has also been described (Wengel et al., WO 99/14226). Furthermore, synthesis of 2′-amino-BNA, a novel comformationally restricted high-affinity oligonucleotide analog has been described in the art (Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039). In addition, 2′-amino- and 2′-methylamino-BNA's have been prepared and the thermal stability of their duplexes with complementary RNA and DNA strands has been previously reported.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula VI:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

each q_(i), q_(j), q_(k) and q_(l) is, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxyl, OJ_(T), SJ_(j), SOJ_(j), SO₂J_(j), NJ_(j)J_(k), N₃, CN, C(═O)OJ_(j), C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k), C(═O)J_(j), O—C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k), N(H)C(═NH)NJ_(j)J_(k), N(H)C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k) or N(H)C(═S)NJ_(j)J_(k); and

q_(i) and q_(j) or q_(l) and q_(k) together are ═C(q_(g))(q_(h)), wherein q_(g) and q_(h) are each, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

One carbocyclic bicyclic nucleoside having a 4′-(CH₂)₃-2′ bridge and the alkenyl analog bridge 4′-CH═CH—CH₂-2′ have been described (Freier et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1997, 25(22), 4429-4443 and Albaek et al., J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 7731-7740). The synthesis and preparation of carbocyclic bicyclic nucleosides along with their oligomerization and biochemical studies have also been described (Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(26), 8362-8379).

As used herein, “4′-2′ bicyclic nucleoside” or “4′ to 2′ bicyclic nucleoside” refers to a bicyclic nucleoside comprising a furanose ring comprising a bridge connecting two carbon atoms of the furanose ring connects the 2′ carbon atom and the 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring.

As used herein, “monocylic nucleosides” refer to nucleosides comprising modified sugar moieties that are not bicyclic sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, the sugar moiety, or sugar moiety analogue, of a nucleoside may be modified or substituted at any position.

As used herein, “2′-modified sugar” means a furanosyl sugar modified at the 2′ position. In certain embodiments, such modifications include substituents selected from: a halide, including, but not limited to substituted and unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted thioalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted amino alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted allyl, and substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, 2′ modifications are selected from substituents including, but not limited to: O[(CH₂)_(n)O]_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)F, O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂, OCH₂C(═O)N(H)CH₃, and O(CH₂)_(n)ON[(CH₂)_(n)CH₃]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other 2′-substituent groups can also be selected from: C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, F, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving pharmacokinetic properties, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an antisense compound, and other substituents having similar properties. In certain embodiments, modified nucleosides comprise a 2′-MOE side chain (Baker et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 11944-12000). Such 2′-MOE substitution have been described as having improved binding affinity compared to unmodified nucleosides and to other modified nucleosides, such as 2′-O-methyl, O-propyl, and O-aminopropyl. Oligonucleotides having the 2′-MOE substituent also have been shown to be antisense inhibitors of gene expression with promising features for in vivo use (Martin, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504; Altmann et al., Chimia, 1996, 50, 168-176; Altmann et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1996, 24, 630-637; and Altmann et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides, 1997, 16, 917-926).

As used herein, a “modified tetrahydropyran nucleoside” or “modified THP nucleoside” means a nucleoside having a six-membered tetrahydropyran “sugar” substituted in for the pentofuranosyl residue in normal nucleosides (a sugar surrogate). Modified THP nucleosides include, but are not limited to, what is referred to in the art as hexitol nucleic acid (HNA), anitol nucleic acid (ANA), manitol nucleic acid (MNA) (see Leumann, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2002, 10, 841-854), fluoro HNA (F-HNA) or those compounds having Formula VII:

wherein independently for each of said at least one tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog of Formula VII:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently, an internucleoside linking group linking the tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog to the antisense compound or one of T_(a) and T_(b) is an internucleoside linking group linking the tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog to the antisense compound and the other of T_(a) and T_(b) is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group or a 5′ or 3′-terminal group;

q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ are each independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl; and each of R₁ and R₂ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, NJ₁J₂, SJ₁, N₃, OC(═X)J₁, OC(═X)NJ₁J₂, NJ₃C(═X)NJ₁J₂ and CN, wherein X is O, S or NJ₁ and each J₁, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the modified THP nucleosides of Formula VII are provided wherein q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ are each H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ is other than H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ is methyl. In certain embodiments, THP nucleosides of Formula VII are provided wherein one of R₁ and R₂ is fluoro. In certain embodiments, R₁ is fluoro and R₂ is H; R₁ is methoxy and R₂ is H, and R₁ is H and R₂ is methoxyethoxy.

As used herein, “2′-modified” or “2′-substituted” refers to a nucleoside comprising a sugar comprising a substituent at the 2′ position other than H or OH. 2′-modified nucleosides, include, but are not limited to, bicyclic nucleosides wherein the bridge connecting two carbon atoms of the sugar ring connects the 2′ carbon and another carbon of the sugar ring; and nucleosides with non-bridging 2′ substituents, such as allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OCF₃, O—(CH₂)₂—O—CH₃, 2′-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O—(CH₂)₂—O—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), or O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), where each R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. 2′-modified nucleosides may further comprise other modifications, for example at other positions of the sugar and/or at the nucleobase.

As used herein, “2′-F” refers to a nucleoside comprising a sugar comprising a fluoro group at the 2′ position.

As used herein, “2′-OMe” or “2′-OCH₃” or “2′-O-methyl” each refers to a nucleoside comprising a sugar comprising an —OCH₃ group at the 2′ position of the sugar ring.

As used herein, “MOE” or “2′-MOE” or “2′-OCH₂CH₂OCH₃” or “2′-O-methoxyethyl” each refers to a nucleoside comprising a sugar comprising a —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃ group at the 2′ position of the sugar ring.

As used herein, “oligonucleotide” refers to a compound comprising a plurality of linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, one or more of the plurality of nucleosides is modified. In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide comprises one or more ribonucleosides (RNA) and/or deoxyribonucleosides (DNA).

Many other bicyclo and tricyclo sugar surrogate ring systems are also known in the art that can be used to modify nucleosides for incorporation into antisense compounds (see for example review article: Leumann, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2002, 10, 841-854).

Such ring systems can undergo various additional substitutions to enhance activity.

Methods for the preparations of modified sugars are well known to those skilled in the art.

In nucleotides having modified sugar moieties, the nucleobase moieties (natural, modified or a combination thereof) are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds comprise one or more nucleosides having modified sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, the modified sugar moiety is 2′-MOE. In certain embodiments, the 2′-MOE modified nucleosides are arranged in a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, the modified sugar moiety is a bicyclic nucleoside having a (4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′) bridging group. In certain embodiments, the (4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′) modified nucleosides are arranged throughout the wings of a gapmer motif.

Compositions and Methods for Formulating Pharmaceutical Compositions

Antisense oligonucleotides may be admixed with pharmaceutically acceptable active or inert substances for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions or formulations. Compositions and methods for the formulation of pharmaceutical compositions are dependent upon a number of criteria, including, but not limited to, route of administration, extent of disease, or dose to be administered.

An antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by combining the antisense compound with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. A pharmaceutically acceptable diluent includes phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). PBS is a diluent suitable for use in compositions to be delivered parenterally. Accordingly, in one embodiment, employed in the methods described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is PBS. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising antisense compounds encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other oligonucleotide which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of antisense compounds, prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, sodium and potassium salts.

A prodrug can include the incorporation of additional nucleosides at one or both ends of an antisense compound which are cleaved by endogenous nucleases within the body, to form the active antisense compound.

Conjugated Antisense Compounds

Antisense compounds may be covalently linked to one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the resulting antisense oligonucleotides. Typical conjugate groups include cholesterol moieties and lipid moieties. Additional conjugate groups include carbohydrates, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes.

Antisense compounds can also be modified to have one or more stabilizing groups that are generally attached to one or both termini of antisense compounds to enhance properties such as, for example, nuclease stability. Included in stabilizing groups are cap structures. These terminal modifications protect the antisense compound having terminal nucleic acid from exonuclease degradation, and can help in delivery and/or localization within a cell. The cap can be present at the 5′-terminus (5′-cap), or at the 3′-terminus (3′-cap), or can be present on both termini. Cap structures are well known in the art and include, for example, inverted deoxy abasic caps. Further 3′ and 5′-stabilizing groups that can be used to cap one or both ends of an antisense compound to impart nuclease stability include those disclosed in WO 03/004602 published on Jan. 16, 2003.

Cell Culture and Antisense Compounds Treatment

The effects of antisense compounds on the level, activity or expression of C9ORF72 nucleic acids can be tested in vitro in a variety of cell types. Cell types used for such analyses are available from commercial vendors (e.g. American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.; Zen-Bio, Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C.; Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) and are cultured according to the vendor's instructions using commercially available reagents (e.g. Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Illustrative cell types include, but are not limited to, HepG2 cells, Hep3B cells, and primary hepatocytes.

In Vitro Testing of Antisense Oligonucleotides

Described herein are methods for treatment of cells with antisense oligonucleotides, which can be modified appropriately for treatment with other antisense compounds.

In general, cells are treated with antisense oligonucleotides when the cells reach approximately 60-80% confluency in culture.

One reagent commonly used to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into cultured cells includes the cationic lipid transfection reagent LIPOFECTIN (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Antisense oligonucleotides are mixed with LIPOFECTIN in OPTI-MEM 1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired final concentration of antisense oligonucleotide and a LIPOFECTIN concentration that typically ranges 2 to 12 ug/mL per 100 nM antisense oligonucleotide.

Another reagent used to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into cultured cells includes LIPOFECTAMINE (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Antisense oligonucleotide is mixed with LIPOFECTAMINE in OPTI-MEM 1 reduced serum medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired concentration of antisense oligonucleotide and a LIPOFECTAMINE concentration that typically ranges 2 to 12 ug/mL per 100 nM antisense oligonucleotide.

Another technique used to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into cultured cells includes electroporation.

Cells are treated with antisense oligonucleotides by routine methods. Cells are typically harvested 16-24 hours after antisense oligonucleotide treatment, at which time RNA or protein levels of target nucleic acids are measured by methods known in the art and described herein. In general, when treatments are performed in multiple replicates, the data are presented as the average of the replicate treatments.

The concentration of anti sense oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. Methods to determine the optimal antisense oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line are well known in the art. Antisense oligonucleotides are typically used at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 300 nM when transfected with LIPOFECTAMINE. Antisense oligonucleotides are used at higher concentrations ranging from 625 to 20,000 nM when transfected using electroporation.

RNA Isolation

RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are well known in the art. RNA is prepared using methods well known in the art, for example, using the TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's recommended protocols.

Analysis of Inhibition of Target Levels or Expression

Inhibition of levels or expression of a C9ORF72 nucleic acid can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, target nucleic acid levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or quantitaive real-time PCR. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are well known in the art. Northern blot analysis is also routine in the art. Quantitative real-time PCR can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.

Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Target RNA Levels

Quantitation of target RNA levels may be accomplished by quantitative real-time PCR using the ABI PRISM 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. Methods of quantitative real-time PCR are well known in the art.

Prior to real-time PCR, the isolated RNA is subjected to a reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction, which produces complementary DNA (cDNA) that is then used as the substrate for the real-time PCR amplification. The RT and real-time PCR reactions are performed sequentially in the same sample well. RT and real-time PCR reagents are obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). RT real-time-PCR reactions are carried out by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

Gene (or RNA) target quantities obtained by real time PCR are normalized using either the expression level of a gene whose expression is constant, such as cyclophilin A, or by quantifying total RNA using RIBOGREEN (Invitrogen, Inc. Carlsbad, Calif.). Cyclophilin A expression is quantified by real time PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RIBOGREEN RNA quantification reagent (Invetrogen, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). Methods of RNA quantification by RIBOGREEN are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, (Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374). A CYTOFLUOR 4000 instrument (PE Applied Biosystems) is used to measure RIBOGREEN fluorescence.

Probes and primers are designed to hybridize to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid. Methods for designing real-time PCR probes and primers are well known in the art, and may include the use of software such as PRIMER EXPRESS Software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.).

Analysis of Protein Levels

Antisense inhibition of C9ORF72 nucleic acids can be assessed by measuring C9ORF72 protein levels. Protein levels of C9ORF72 can be evaluated or quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative protein assays, protein activity assays (for example, caspase activity assays), immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to a target can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or can be prepared via conventional monoclonal or polyclonal antibody generation methods well known in the art. Antibodies useful for the detection of mouse, rat, monkey, and human C9ORF72 are commercially available.

In Vivo Testing of Antisense Compounds

Antisense compounds, for example, antisense oligonucleotides, are tested in animals to assess their ability to inhibit expression of C9ORF72 and produce phenotypic changes, such as, improved motor function and respiration. In certain embodiments, motor function is measured by rotarod, grip strength, pole climb, open field performance, balance beam, hindpaw footprint testing in the animal. In certain embodiments, respiration is measured by whole body plethysmograph, invasive resistance, and compliance measurements in the animal. Testing may be performed in normal animals, or in experimental disease models. For administration to animals, antisense oligonucleotides are formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, such as phosphate-buffered saline. Administration includes parenteral routes of administration, such as intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous. Calculation of antisense oligonucleotide dosage and dosing frequency is within the abilities of those skilled in the art, and depends upon factors such as route of administration and animal body weight. Following a period of treatment with antisense oligonucleotides, RNA is isolated from CNS tissue or CSF and changes in C9ORF72 nucleic acid expression are measured.

Targeting C9ORF72

Antisense oligonucleotides described herein may hybridize to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid in any stage of RNA processing. For example, described herein are antisense oligonucleotides that are complementary to a pre-mRNA or a mature mRNA. Additionally, antisense oligonucleotides described herein may hybridize to any element of a C9ORF72 nucleic acid. For example, described herein are antisense oligonucleotides that are complementary to an exon, an intron, the 5′ UTR, the 3′ UTR, a repeat region, a hexanucleotide repeat expansion, a splice junction, an exon:exon splice junction, an exonic splicing silencer (ESS), an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE), exon 1a, exon 1b, exon 1c, exon 1d, exon 1e, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, intron 1, intron 2, intron 3, intron 4, intron 5, intron 6, intron 7, intron 8, intron 9, or intron 10 of a C9ORF72 nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, antisense oligonucleotides described herein hybridize to all variants of C9ORF72. In certain embodiments, the antisense oligonucleotides described herein selectively hybridize to certain variants of C9ORF72. In certain embodiments, the antisense oligonucleotides described herein selectively hybridize to variants of C9ORF72 containing a hexanucleotide repeat expansion. In certain embodiments, such variants of C9ORF72 containing a hexanucleotide repeat expansion include SEQ ID NO: 1-3 and 6-10. In certain embodiments, such hexanucleotide repeat expansion comprises at least 30 repeats of any of GGGGCC, GGGGGG, GGGGGC, or GGGGCG.

In certain embodiments, the antisense oligonucleotides described herein inhibit expression of all variants of C9ORF72. In certain embodiments, the antisense oligonucleotides described herein inhibit expression of all variants of C9ORF72 equally. In certain embodiments, the antisense oligonucleotides described herein preferentially inhibit expression of certain variants of C9ORF72. In certain embodiments, the antisense oligonucleotides described herein preferentially inhibit expression of variants of C9ORF72 containing a hexanucleotide repeat expansion. In certain embodiments, such variants of C9ORF72 containing a hexanucleotide repeat expansion include SEQ ID NO: 1-3 and 6-10. In certain embodiments, such hexanucleotide repeat expansion comprises at least 30 repeats of any of GGGGCC, GGGGGG, GGGGGC, or GGGGCG. In certain embodiments, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion forms nuclear foci. In certain embodiments, antisense oligonucleotides described herein are useful for reducing nuclear foci. Nuclear foci may be reduced in terms of percent of cells with foci as well as number of foci per cell.

Based on earlier studies directed to repeat expansions, it is not possible to predict if antisense oligonucleotides targeting C9ORF72 outside of the hexanucleotide repeat expansion would successfully inhibit expression of C9ORF72 for two reasons. First, the C9ORF72 repeat expansion is located in an intron and it is not known if the RNA in the foci contains only the repeats or also the flanking intronic sequence. For example, an earlier study on myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2), which is a disease caused by a CCTG expansion mutation in intron 1 of the ZNF9 gene, determined that large DM2 expansions did not prevent allele-specific pre-mRNA splicing, nuclear export of the transcripts, or steady-state mRNA or protein levels. The study further demonstrated that the ribonuclear inclusions found associated with the disease are enriched for the CCUG expansion, but not the flanking intronic sequences. These data suggest that the downstream molecular effects of the DM2 mutation may be triggered by the accumulation of CCUG repeat tract alone. Therefore, this study implies that targeting the CCUG repeat expansion alone would lead to amelioration of the disease, since targeting the flanking sequences, especially the region downstream of the repeat expansion, would not affect the formation of ribonuclear inclusions (Margolis et al. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2006, 15:1808-1815). Second, it is not known how fast intron 1 of C9ORF72, which contains the repeats, is excised and accumulates in foci. Thus, it is not possible to predict if targeting the pre-mRNA would result in elimination of the repeat RNA and foci.

C9OFF72 Features

Antisense oligonucleotides described herein may hybridize to any C9ORF72 variant at any state of processing within any element of the C9ORF72 gene. For example, antisense oligonucleotides described herein may hybridize to an exon, an intron, the 5′ UTR, the 3′ UTR, a repeat region, a hexanucleotide repeat expansion, a splice junction, an exon:exon splice junction, an exonic splicing silencer (ESS), an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE), exon 1a, exon 1b, exon 1c, exon 1d, exon 1e, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, intron 1, intron 2, intron 3, intron 4, intron 5, intron 6, intron 7, intron 8, intron 9, or intron 10. For example, antisense oligonucleotides may target any of the exons characterized below in Tables 1-5 for the various C9ORF72 variants described below. Antisense oligonucleotides described herein may also target variants not characterized below and such variants are characterized in GENBANK. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotides described herein may also target elements other than exons and such elements are characterized in GENBANK.

TABLE 1 Functional Segments for NM_001256054.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) Start site Stop site in reference in reference Exon mRNA mRNA to SEQ to SEQ Number start site stop site ID NO: 2 ID NO: 2 exon 1C 1 158 1137 1294 exon 2 159 646 7839 8326 exon 3 647 706 9413 9472 exon 4 707 802 12527 12622 exon 5 803 867 13354 13418 exon 6 868 940 14704 14776 exon 7 941 1057 16396 16512 exon 8 1058 1293 18207 18442 exon 9 1294 1351 24296 24353 exon 10 1352 1461 26337 26446 exon 11 1462 3339 26581 28458

TABLE 2 Functional Segments for NM_018325.3 (SEQ ID NO: 4) Start site in Stop site in mRNA mRNA reference reference Exon start stop to SEQ to SEQ Number site site ID NO: 2 ID NO: 2 exon 1B 1 63 1510 1572 exon 2 64 551 7839 8326 exon 3 552 611 9413 9472 exon 4 612 707 12527 12622 exon 5 708 772 13354 13418 exon 6 773 845 14704 14776 exon 7 846 962 16396 16512 exon 8 963 1198 18207 18442 exon 9 1199 1256 24296 24353 exon 10 1257 1366 26337 26446 exon 11 1367 3244 26581 28458

TABLE 3 Functional Segments for NM_145005.5 (SEQ ID NO: 6) Start site in Stop site in mRNA mRNA reference reference Exon start stop to SEQ to SEQ Number site site ID NO: 2 ID NO: 2 exon 1A 1 80 1137 1216 exon 2 81 568 7839 8326 exon 3 569 628 9413 9472 exon 4 629 724 12527 12622 exon 5B 725 1871 13354 14500 (exon 5 into intron 5)

TABLE 4 Functional Segments for DB079375.1 (SEQ ID NO: 7) Start site in Stop site in mRNA mRNA reference reference Exon start stop to SEQ to SEQ Number site site ID NO: 2 ID NO: 2 exon 1E 1 35 1135 1169 exon 2 36 524 7839 8326 exon 3 525 562 9413 9450 (EST ends before end of full exon)

TABLE 5 Functional Segments for BU194591.1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) Start site in Stop site in mRNA mRNA reference reference Exon start stop to SEQ to SEQ Number site site ID NO: 2 ID NO: 2 exon 1D 1 36 1241 1279 exon 2 37 524 7839 8326 exon 3 525 584 9413 9472 exon 4 585 680 12527 12622 exon 5B 681 798 13354 13465 (exon 5 into intron 5)

Certain Indications

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In certain embodiments, the individual has a neurodegenerative disease. In certain embodiments, the individual is at risk for developing a neurodegenerative disease, including, but not limited to, ALS or FTD. In certain embodiments, the individual has been identified as having a C9ORF72 associated disease. In certain embodiments, the individual has been identified as having a C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion associated disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods for prophylactically reducing C9ORF72 expression in an individual. Certain embodiments include treating an individual in need thereof by administering to an individual a therapeutically effective amount of an antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid.

In one embodiment, administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid is accompanied by monitoring of C9ORF72 levels in an individual, to determine an individual's response to administration of the antisense compound. An individual's response to administration of the antisense compound may be used by a physician to determine the amount and duration of therapeutic intervention.

In certain embodiments, administration of an antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid results in reduction of C9ORF72 expression by at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 99%, or a range defined by any two of these values. In certain embodiments, administration of an antisense compound targeted to a C9ORF72 nucleic acid results in improved motor function and respiration in an animal. In certain embodiments, administration of a C9ORF72 antisense compound improves motor function and respiration by at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 99%, or a range defined by any two of these values.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising an antisense compound targeted to C9ORF72 are used for the preparation of a medicament for treating a patient suffering or susceptible to a neurodegenerative disease including ALS and FTD.

Certain Combination Therapies

In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease, disorder, or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease, disorder, or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired side effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to produce a combinational effect. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to produce a synergistic effect.

In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition described herein include Riluzole (Rilutek), Lioresal (Lioresal), and Dexpramipexole.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a C9ORF72 specific inhibitor described herein include, but are not limited to, an additional C9ORF72 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the co-adminstered pharmaceutical agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In certain embodiments, the co-administered pharmaceutical agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In certain embodiments the co-administered pharmaceutical agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In certain embodiments the dose of a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the co-administered pharmaceutical agent was administered alone. In certain embodiments the dose of a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the co-administered pharmaceutical agent was administered alone. In certain embodiments the dose of a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the co-administered pharmaceutical agent was administered alone.

In certain embodiments, the co-administration of a second compound enhances the effect of a first compound, such that co-administration of the compounds results in an effect that is greater than the effect of administering the first compound alone. In other embodiments, the co-administration results in effects that are additive of the effects of the compounds when administered alone. In certain embodiments, the co-administration results in effects that are supra-additive of the effects of the compounds when administered alone. In certain embodiments, the first compound is an antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the second compound is an antisense compound.

EXAMPLES Non-Limiting Disclosure and Incorporation by Reference

While certain compounds, compositions, and methods described herein have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds described herein and are not intended to limit the same. Each of the references recited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Example 1: Antisense Inhibition of Human C9ORF72 in HepG2 Cells

Antisense oligonucleotides were designed targeting a C9ORF72 nucleic acid and were tested for their effects on C9ORF72 mRNA in vitro. The antisense oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments that had similar culture conditions. The results for each experiment are presented in separate tables shown below. Cultured HepG2 cells at a density of 20,000 cells per well were transfected using electroporation with 7,000 nM antisense oligonucleotide. After a treatment period of approximately 24 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and C9ORF72 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Human primer probe set RTS3750 (forward sequence TGTGACAGTTGGAATGCAGTGA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 15; reverse sequence GCCACTTAAAGCAATCTCTGTCTTG, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 16; probe sequence TCGACTCTTTGCCCACCGCCA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 17) was used to measure mRNA levels. C9ORF72 mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition of C9ORF72, relative to untreated control cells.

The antisense oligonucleotides in Tables 6-10 were designed as 5-10-5 MOE gapmers. The gapmers are 20 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises ten 2′-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on both the 5′ end and on the 3′ end comprising five nucleosides each. Each nucleoside in the 5′ wing segment and each nucleoside in the 3′ wing segment has a MOE modification. The internucleoside linkages throughout each gapmer are phosphorothioate linkages. All cytosine residues throughout each gapmer are 5-methylcytosines. “Start site” indicates the 5′-most nucleoside to which the antisense oligonucleotide is targeted in the human gene sequence. “Stop site” indicates the 3′-most nucleoside to which the antisense oligonucleotide is targeted human gene sequence. Each antisense oligonucleotide listed in Tables 6-9 is targeted to the either human C9ORF72 mRNA sequence, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No. NM_001256054.1) or the human C9ORF72 genomic sequence, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2 (the complement of GENBANK Accession No. NT_008413.18 truncated from nucleosides 27535000 to 27565000), or both. ‘n/a’ indicates that the antisense oligonucleotide did not target that particular gene sequence. The antisense oligonucleotides of Table 10 are targeted to either SEQ ID NO: 3 (GENBANK Accession No. BQ068108.1) or SEQ ID NO: 4 (GENBANK Accession No. NM_018325.3).

As shown in Tables 6-10, below, several of the oligonucleotides targeting SEQ ID NO: 1 exhibit at least 50% inhibition, including those targeted to nucleobases 90-647, 728-1541, 1598-1863, 1935-2146, 2232-2251, 2429-2576, 2632-2743, 2788-2807, 2860-2879, 2949-2968, 3062-3081, 3132-3151, and 3250-3269 of SEQ ID NO 1. These include SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81, 82, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102, 103, 109, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 137, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 192, 195, 197, 199, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, and 332. Several of the oligonucleotides exhibit at least 70% inhibition, including those targeted to nucleobases 90-359, 430-479, 550-569, 617-647, 940-959, 1013-1033, 1446-1465, 1687-1706, 1844-1863, 1935-2007, and 2679-2698 of SEQ ID NO 1. These include SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 66, 67, 85, 96, 103, 117, 119, 154, 165, 168, 186, 320, 321, 324, 327, 328, and 331. Several of the oligonucleotides exhibit at least 80% inhibition, including those targeted to nucleobases 90-265 and 310-329. These include SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, 35, 40, 42, and 321. Several of the oligonucleotides exhibit at least 90% inhibition, including those targeted to nucleobases 190-209 and 310-329 of SEQ ID NO 1. These include SEQ ID NOs: 40 and 321.

As shown in Tables 6-20, below, several of the oligonucleotides targeting SEQ ID NO: 2 exhibit at least 50% inhibition, including those targeted to nucleobases 1552-1572, 2187-2238, 2728-2779, 3452-2471, 3752-3771, 5025-5044, 5656-5675, 6200-6219, 7594-7613, 7840-8328, 9415-9434, 12526-12545, 13357-13524, 13642-13661, 13790-14130, 14243-14335, 14699-14777, 15587-15606, 16395-16488, 18233-18373, 24306-24340, 24472-24491, 24565-24676, 26400-26424, 26606-26982, 27054-27265, 27351-27370, 27548-27998, 28068-28087, 28181-28270, and 28369-28388 of SEQ ID NO 2. These include SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 64, 67, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81, 82, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102, 103, 111, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 137, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 192, 195, 197, 199, 205, 206, 208, 211, 212, 224, 226, 230, 231, 250, 251, 252, 256, 300, 301, 304, 306, 307, 310, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, and 332. Several of the oligonucleotides exhibit at least 70% inhibition, including those targeted to nucleobases 3452-2471, 7840-8159, 8230-8249, 12526-12545, 13642-13661, 14075-14094, 14316-14335, 14758-14777, 16395-16414, 16469, 16488, 24655-24674, 26963, 26982, 27054-27126, and 27798-27817 of SEQ ID NO 2. These include SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 67, 85, 96, 103, 117, 119, 154, 165, 168, 186, 251, 306, 320, 321, 324, 327, 328, and 331. Several of the oligonucleotides exhibit at least 80% inhibition, including those targeted to nucleobases 7848-8023 of SEQ ID NO 2. These include SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, 35, 40, 42, and 321. Several of the oligonucleotides exhibit at least 90% inhibition, including those targeted to nucleobases 7870-7889 and 7990-8009 of SEQ ID NO 2. These include SEQ ID NOs: 40 and 321.

TABLE 6 Target Target Start Start Site at Site at SEQ ID SEQ ID % SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 Sequence ISIS No inhibition NO    3  1139 AGCGGGACACCGTAGGTTAC 576883  0  30   44  1180 GTGGGCGGAACTTGTCGCTG 576807  1  31   90  7848 GTCACATTATCCAAATGCTC 576808 85  32  125  7883 GGTGGGCAAAGAGTCGACAT 576809 82  33  155  7913 ATCTCTGTCTTGGCAACAGC 576810 78  34  160  7918 AAGCAATCTCTGTCTTGGCA 576811 81  35  165  7923 ACTTAAAGCAATCTCTGTCT 576812 78  36  170  7928 TTGCCACTTAAAGCAATCTC 576813 67  37  205  7963 CCCAGTAAGCAAAAGTAGCT 576814 66  38  227  7985 ACTCTAGGACCAAGAATATT 576815 11  39  232  7990 GCCTTACTCTAGGACCAAGA 576816 78  40  240  7998 CCAAATGTGCCTTACTCTAG 576817 73  41  246  8004 TGGAGCCCAAATGTGCCTTA 576818 81  42  254  8012 TCTGTCTTTGGAGCCCAAAT 576819 76  43  275  8033 CCATCACTGAGAAGTACCTG 576820 79  44  281  8039 ATTTCTCCATCACTGAGAAG 576821 61  45  288  8046 AAAAGTTATTTCTCCATCAC 576822 57  46  295  8053 TGGCAAGAAAAGTTATTTCT 576823 70  47  302  8060 GTGTGGTTGGCAAGAAAAGT 576824 44  48  313  8071 CTCCATTTAGAGTGTGGTTG 576825 39  49  330  8088 TGCATTTCGAAGGATTTCTC 576826 65  50  338  8096 CCACTCTCTGCATTTCGAAG 576827 67  51  362  8120 ACAAAAAACTTTACATCTAT 576828 22  52  376  8134 CCTTTTCAGACAAGACAAAA 576829 53  53  401  8159 AAGATTAATGAAACAATAAT 576830  0  54  411  8169 GTTTCCATCAAAGATTAATG 576831 62  55  446  8204 ATTGATAGTCCATATGTGCT 576832 59  56  452  8210 AGTATAATTGATAGTCCATA 571818 57  57  481  8239 GGAGGTAGAAACTAAGTTCT 576833 45  58  516  8274 ATGTGTTAATCTATCAACAC 576834 48  59  545  8303 TGCATCCATATTCTTCCTTT 576835 43  60  552 n/a TTCCTTATGCATCCATATTC 576836 64  61  559 n/a CTTGTCTTTCCTTATGCATC 576837 57  62  566 n/a ACATTTTCTTGTCTTTCCTT 576838 43  63  571  9415 TCTGGACATTTTCTTGTCTT 576839 61  64  578  9422 ATAATCTTCTGGACATTTTC 576840 37  65  617 n/a CTCTGACCCTGATCTTCCAT 576841 79  66  628 12526 TTGGAATAATACTCTGACCC 576842 73  67  663 12561 CAGTTCCATTACAGGAATCA 576843 45  68  697 12595 CTTCAGGAACACTGTGTGAT 576844 20  69  705 12603 ATCTATTTCTTCAGGAACAC 576845 46  70  722 n/a AGTACTGTATCAGCTATATC 576846 46  71  728 13357 TCATTGAGTACTGTATCAGC 576847 52  72  734 13363 TCATCATCATTGAGTACTGT 576848 67  73  740 13369 CCAATATCATCATCATTGAG 576849 47  74  755 13384 TCATGACAGCTGTCACCAAT 576850 51  75  761 13390 AAGCCTTCATGACAGCTGTC 576851 52  76  767 13396 AGAAGAAAGCCTTCATGACA 576852 23  77  773 13402 TACTTGAGAAGAAAGCCTTC 576853 24  78  778 13407 ATTCTTACTTGAGAAGAAAG 576854 12  79  782 13411 AAAAATTCTTACTTGAGAAG 576855  0  80  817 13446 AGATGGTATCTGCTTCATCC 576856 61  81  876 13505 CAATCTAAGTAGACAGTCTG 576857 57  82  911 13540 TTAAGCAACAGTTCAAATAC 576858 40  83  978 13607 CTTTAAATAGCAAATGGAAT 576859 26  84 1013 13642 GCCATGATTTCTTGTCTGGG 576860 79  85 1056 13685 GCTTTAATGAGAAGTAAAAC 576861 17  86 1091 13720 TCTACAGTACAACTTAATAT 576862 39  87 1126 13755 ATAATTTTGTTCTACGCCTA 576863 44  88 1161 13790 CACTGCTGGATGGAAAAAGA 576864 65  89 1196 13825 TGGTTTAAGGGCACAAACTC 576865 52  90 1231 13860 TTGCCCACGGGTACACAGCA 576866 63  91 1268 13897 CAGATGAGGAAATAGGTGTA 576867 62  92 1303 13932 ACACATTAGGTACTATTACT 576868 63  93 1372 14001 TTTTTATGTTCCAGGCACTG 576869 59  94 1407 14036 AATAGGAAATGTTAGCTATG 576870 30  95 1446 14075 GGCACTCAACAAATACTGGC 576871 72  96 1482 14111 TACATGTAAAGCAACTAGTA 576872 55  97 1539 14168 TAAAATTTCATGAAAATCTG 576873  0  98 1579 14208 AAGTGAATACTTTATACTTT 576874  0  99 1614 14243 CATCATGAGCCTAAAGGAAA 576875 51 100 1651 14280 GGCTCTTAGGTTAAACACAC 576876 43 101 1673 14302 TGCTTCTGATTCAAGCCATT 576877 65 102 1687 14316 ATACAGGACTAAAGTGCTTC 576878 74 103 1731 14360 CAAATGGGATTTAAAATGAT 576879  0 104 1766 14395 TGACATGTAGAGAGATTAAG 576880 26 105 1801 14430 TTATTGAAATACCATCATTT 576881 34 106 1836 14465 TAGTCAGTATAATATCATTT 576882 18 107

TABLE 7 Target Target Start Start Site at Site at SEQ ID SEQ ID % SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 Sequence ISIS No inhibition NO  851 n/a GCATTGAGAAGAAAGCCTTC 571824 25 108 1337 n/a AAGACCTGATCCAGGAAGGC 571836 53 109  861 n/a TGAGCTGATGGCATTGAGAA 571981 41 110  890 14726 ACAACGGAACAGCCACAGGT 571983 66 111 1420 26405 TTAGTGTCAAGGCTTTTCTG 572007 60 112   75 1211 GACGGCTGACACACCAAGCG 576884  8 113  856 n/a TGATGGCATTGAGAAGAAAG 576891  6 114  917 14753 TTTACTTTCTCTGCACTGCT 576892 68 115  922 n/a TCTTATTTACTTTCTCTGCA 576893 63 116  940 16395 GGCATAATGTTCTGACTATC 576894 71 117  979 16434 ATAACCTGGAGCATTTTCTC 576895 65 118 1014 16469 CCCTGACTCATATTTAAATG 576896 70 119 1049 n/a CCAGTTGAATCCTTTAGCAG 576897 51 120 1084 18233 CATACATGACTTGCCGGAAA 576898 66 121 1119 18268 GACATCCACATCTATGTGTG 576899 63 122 1154 18303 TGTTCATGACAGGGTGGCAT 576900 66 123 1163 18312 TTATAAATATGTTCATGACA 576901 51 124 1191 18340 CAGCTCGGATCTCATGTATC 576902 52 125 1205 18354 CTCCAGAAGGCTGTCAGCTC 576903 59 126 1238 18387 GTATCCTGAGCCATGTCTTC 576904 33 127 1273 18422 AATCAGGAGTAAAGCTTTCG 576905 48 128 1283 n/a AAAATATTCAAATCAGGAGT 576906 23 129 1304 24306 TCTCTGTGTAAGACATCTTG 576907 51 130 1309 24311 GAGTGTCTCTGTGTAAGACA 576908 54 131 1314 24316 CACTAGAGTGTCTCTGTGTA 576909 50 132 1319 24321 GCTTTCACTAGAGTGTCTCT 576910 60 133 1330 24332 GATCCAGGAAGGCTTTCACT 576911 35 134 1373 26358 AAAGTACTTCTGAGAGATAA 576912 38 135 1385 26370 AACTGTGCAAGGAAAGTACT 576913 43 136 1415 26400 GTCAAGGCTTTTCTGTGAAG 576914 65 137 1472 26591 AGAGATTTAAAGGGCTTTTT 576915 46 138 1487 26606 ATCTTCAGGTTCCGAAGAGA 576916 53 139 1511 26630 CCCTCTGCTGTTAAATCAAG 576917 51 140 1522 26641 TGTTAAGATCGCCCTCTGCT 576918 64 141 1529 26648 ATTATTATGTTAAGATCGCC 576919 46 142 1535 26654 AGAGCCATTATTATGTTAAG 576920 36 143 1571 26690 ATAAAAGAGTGTAGGCCTGG 576921 46 144 1598 26717 ACACTAGTGTAGAAAGGTCT 576922 55 145 1606 26725 GTTCTTGCACACTAGTGTAG 576923 62 146 1628 26747 TAAAAAGTCATTAGAACATC 576924 10 147 1644 26763 TATTAAGTTACACATTTAAA 576925 20 148 1679 26798 CTTTACCAGCGATCATGATT 576926 57 149 1725 26844 TTCTGGAGTATGATCCAGGG 576927 64 150 1752 24472 ACTTAACTGCAATTGCTGAG 576928 66 151 26871 1765 26884 TGTAGTGTAACTTACTTAAC 576929 60 152 1802 26921 ATGCACCTGACATCCCCTCA 576930 56 153 1844 26963 CCCAAAAGCATAAATCTAGG 576931 71 154 1876 24596 ATATTTATTATATTGTAAAC 576932  0 155 26995 1883 24603 AGCAATAATATTTATTATAT 576933  1 156 27002 1887 24607 AGATAGCAATAATATTTATT 576934  0 157 27006 1889 24609 AAAGATAGCAATAATATTTA 576935  0 158 27008 1892 24612 TTAAAAGATAGCAATAATAT 576936  3 159 27011 1896 24616 ATCTTTAAAAGATAGCAATA 576937 14 160 27015 1898 24618 ATATCTTTAAAAGATAGCAA 576938 15 161 27017 1901 24621 ATTATATCTTTAAAAGATAG 576939 12 162 27020 1905 24625 TATTATTATATCTTTAAAAG 576940  6 163 27024 1918 27037 CAAGTTTACATCCTATTATT 576941 48 164 1935 24655 AAAACAGTAGTTGTGGTCAA 576942 77 165 27054 1937 24657 AAAAAACAGTAGTTGTGGTC 576943 69 166 27056 1953 27072 TGAATCATGTATTTCAAAAA 576944 17 167 1988 27107 GCCAACTCAGATTTCACCTT 576945 71 168 2036 27155 CTACACACCAAAGAATGCCA 576946 69 169 2071 27190 AGTTTTCAGTTGATTGCAGA 576947 58 170 2127 27246 CATCCTATGTTCAAGCTCAC 576948 51 171 2162 27281 TAAACATCTGCTTGATCAAT 576949 44 172 2197 27316 AATCCACAAAGTAGGATCTA 576950 42 173 2232 27351 ATTAGACATTTCTACAGACT 576951 56 174 2325 27444 CTCAACTACATAGAATATCA 576952 45 175 2371 27490 TTGGCAACAATTACTAAAAC 576953 48 176 2400 27519 TCAAAAATAATGAAAATTAA 576954  0 177 2409 27528 CAATTTGGCTCAAAAATAAT 576955  3 178 2429 27548 GGCACAGGAGGTGCACATTT 576956 60 179

TABLE 8 Target Target Start Start Site at Site at SEQ ID SEQ ID % SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 Sequence ISIS No inhibition NO 2451 27570 TAGATTTTCTAAGGAGAAAA 576957  8 180 2486 27605 ACTGACCAGTGAAATCTGAA 576958 50 181 2522 27641 GGTAAGACTTAGCAAGAAGA 576959 59 182 2557 27676 TCTCAGAGTTGCAATGATTG 576960 63 183 2597 27716 AGATCTTATTAGTTAGTATA 576961 18 184 2632 27751 AGTACTCAAGGAACTATTTT 576962 57 185 2679 27798 GGCAAACAGCAACAACTTCA 576963 71 186 2724 27843 GCACTTCAGTAAAATTTCTC 576964 69 187 2788 27907 GGTCCAAACGCATTAAGAAA 576965 58 188 2825 27944 GAATTATATTAATCAGTTAT 576966  0 189 2860 27979 TGTGTTTGTGTAACTACAAT 576967 67 190 2895 28014 ATATTACTTCCAGAATTTTA 576968 19 191 2949 28068 GGCAGAAGGGCTCTATTACC 576969 59 192 2992 28111 CATTCGAACATGTCATTTTG 576970 40 193 3027 28146 CTGATTCATGATGGGAAAGC 576971 34 194 3062 28181 GTGGTTGTCTAAAACATCAA 576972 58 195 3097 28216 ATGACTGAGCTACAGTACAA 576973 47 196 3132 28251 GGGACACTACAAGGTAGTAT 576974 56 197 3167 28286 TTAAATAAGAATCTACCATG 576975 12 198 3250 28369 GCTTTAATAACTTATTTCAC 576976 54 199 3282 28401 AGGAGAAAAGATATATAACA 576977  0 200 3288 28407 CCATTTAGGAGAAAAGATAT 576978  0 201 n/a  1343 TTCACCCTCAGCGAGTACTG 576979  0 202 n/a  1403 AGGCTGCGGTTGTTTCCCTC 576980  0 203 n/a  1800 GCCAGATCCCCATCCCTTGT 576981 11 204 n/a  2187 TCACTTCCTTTAAGCAAGTC 576982 52 205 n/a  2209 AGTGATGCCCAAGTCACAAT 576983 53 206 n/a  2214 AGTCAAGTGATGCCCAAGTC 576984 47 207 n/a  2219 CCATCAGTCAAGTGATGCCC 576985 60 208 n/a  2224 GATTACCATCAGTCAAGTGA 576986 29 209 n/a  2229 CAACTGATTACCATCAGTCA 576987 42 210 n/a  2728 GCAGTTTCCAACTGATTCAG 576988 58 211 n/a  2760 CGTTCTTGTTTCAGATGTAC 576989 57 212 n/a  2862 GCCAAACAAAATATTTTATC 576990 22 213 n/a  2995 TAGGTAGGCTAACCTAGTCC 576991 47 214 n/a  3196 TCCCAGCCCAAAGAGAAGCA 576992 41 215 n/a  3466 GGATCATAGCTCTCGGTAAC 576993 26 216 n/a  3540 AATCATAAAGCCCTCACTTC 576994  7 217 n/a  3595 CTGATTGGTATTTAGAAAGG 576995  3 218 n/a  3705 ATGCAGACATGATTACATTA 576996 48 219 n/a  4560 TTCATCATTAAACTGAAAAT 576997  0 220 n/a  4613 CTTTTAGGTTAAAAAGGTGG 576998 35 221 n/a  4986 ATACAGAGCCTGGCAAAACA 576999 30 222 n/a  5036 TTCTATTTACAGAGCATTAG 577000 29 223 n/a  5656 GCCTTCACATTAATTCACCA 577001 62 224 n/a  6051 TGTGTTATTGCCCCTAAAAA 577002 24 225 n/a  6200 TGTATTCACTATACTATGCC 577003 52 226 n/a  6276 AAGTTATTTAAAGTATAGCA 577004  0 227 n/a  6762 GACATTGAAGTATCAAGACA 577005 34 228 n/a  6965 TGTTAAGTAATCTTAGAAAA 577006  0 229 n/a  7594 GGCATACATTTAGAAATTCA 577007 60 230 n/a  8309 ACCTTATGCATCCATATTCT 577008 59 231 n/a  8784 GAATTCTCTTGGGAACCATT 577009 42 232 n/a  8834 ATATTCAACTACAGGATTTA 577010 13 233 n/a  8884 ATGTGTTCTTTAGATACATC 577011 42 234 n/a  9510 CCTTATACAGATACATGCTG 577012 37 235 n/a  9663 TAGATGCAATTACTATTTTC 577013 34 236 n/a 10742 TGTACTTCCCAAACTTGAAC 577014 24 237 n/a 10845 CTGAAGCTCAACAACACCAA 577015 49 238 n/a 11684 GTCTATAGAATCAAACTGAA 577016 38 239 n/a 11851 TTGAATCAATACCTAACCTC 577017 23 240 n/a 11991 TGCCTCTTTTAGAAAAGATC 577018 44 241 n/a 12042 ATGGAATCATTGGTTTATCG 577019 43 242 n/a 12069 AAAGCTCACTTTTATTCTTT 577020 37 243 n/a 12333 n/a 12170 GGTGCCGCCACCATGCCCGG 577021  0 244 n/a 12464 GAGAGAAGCTGGGCAATAAA 577022  2 245 n/a 12514 TCTGACCCTGCACAATAAAG 577023  0 246 n/a 13016 ATAGTGTGTGATTCAAAACG 577024 17 247 n/a 13348 ACTGTATCAGCTATCTAAAA 577025 22 248 n/a 14540 TTATTTGTATAGGAACCTAC 577026 44 249 n/a 14699 TGTGAGCTGATGGCACTGTA 577027 61 250 n/a 14758 CCTTATTTACTTTCTCTGCA 577028 71 251 n/a 15587 GGAATAAGGTCACTAGTTCG 577029 69 252 n/a 17187 ATTTGCAACAATTTTTAAAT 577030  8 253 n/a 21808 ATAAACTACCAATGATATCC 577031 13 254 n/a 24337 TACCTGATCCAGGAAGGCTT 577032 40 255 n/a 24565 TTCCCGAAGCATAAATCTAG 577033 53 256 n/a 25549 TTGAGAAGCATGAAATTCCA 577034 48 257

TABLE 9 Target Target Start Start Site at Site at SEQ ID SEQ ID % SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 Sequence ISIS No inhibition NO 310 7990 GCCTTACTCTAGGACCAAGA 576816 90  40  75 1211 GACGGCTGACACACCAAGCG 576884  0 113   2 1138 GCGGGACACCGTAGGTTACG 577035  0 258  10 1146 CTTTCCTAGCGGGACACCGT 577036  1 259  18 1154 GCACCTCTCTTTCCTAGCGG 577037  0 260  26 1162 TGTTTGACGCACCTCTCTTT 577038  0 261  34 1170 CTTGTCGCTGTTTGACGCAC 577039  0 262  42 1178 GGGCGGAACTTGTCGCTGTT 577040  0 263  83 1219 GCAGCAGGGACGGCTGACAC 577041  0 264  95 1231 AGAAGCAACCGGGCAGCAGG 577042  0 265 103 1239 CCCAAAAGAGAAGCAACCGG 577043  0 266 111 1247 ACCCCGCCCCCAAAAGAGAA 577044  1 267 119 1255 CTTGCTAGACCCCGCCCCCA 577045  0 268 127 1263 CACCTGCTCTTGCTAGACCC 577046  0 269 135 1271 TAAACCCACACCTGCTCTTG 577047  0 270 139 1275 CTCCTAAACCCACACCTGCT 577048  0 271 n/a 1283 ACACACACCTCCTAAACCCA 577049  0 272 n/a 1291 AAACAAAAACACACACCTCC 577050  5 273 n/a 1299 GGTGGGAAAAACAAAAACAC 577051  1 274 n/a 1326 CTGTGAGAGCAAGTAGTGGG 577052  3 275 n/a 1334 AGCGAGTACTGTGAGAGCAA 577053  0 276 n/a 1342 TCACCCTCAGCGAGTACTGT 577054  0 277 n/a 1358 TCAGGTCTTTTCTTGTTCAC 577055  0 278 n/a 1366 AATCTTTATCAGGTCTTTTC 577056 16 279 n/a 1374 TTCTGGTTAATCTTTATCAG 577057 22 280 n/a 1382 TTGTTTTCTTCTGGTTAATC 577058 19 281 n/a 1390 TTCCCTCCTTGTTTTCTTCT 577059 28 282 n/a 1398 GCGGTTGTTTCCCTCCTTGT 577060 17 283 n/a 1406 TACAGGCTGCGGTTGTTTCC 577061 28 284 n/a 1414 GAGCTTGCTACAGGCTGCGG 577062 23 285 n/a 1422 GAGTTCCAGAGCTTGCTACA 577063 14 286 n/a 1430 CGACTCCTGAGTTCCAGAGC 577064  0 287 n/a 1446 CCCGGCCCCTAGCGCGCGAC 577065  0 288 n/a 1454 GCCCCGGCCCCGGCCCCTAG 577066  0 289 n/a 1465 ACCACGCCCCGGCCCCGGCC 577067  0 290 n/a 1473 CCGCCCCGACCACGCCCCGG 577068  0 291 n/a 1481 CCCCGGGCCCGCCCCGACCA 577069  0 292 n/a 1495 CGCCCCGGGCCCGCCCCCGG 577070  0 293 n/a 1503 CGCAGCCCCGCCCCGGGCCC 577071  0 294 n/a 1511 ACCGCAACCGCAGCCCCGCC 577072  0 295 n/a 1519 GCGCAGGCACCGCAACCGCA 577073 18 296 n/a 1520 GGCGCAGGCACCGCAACCGC 577074 17 297 n/a 1536 CGCCTCCGCCGCCGCGGGCG 577075 32 298 n/a 1544 ACCGCCTGCGCCTCCGCCGC 577076 43 299 n/a 1552 CACTCGCCACCGCCTGCGCC 577077 52 300 n/a 1553 CCACTCGCCACCGCCTGCGC 577078 52 301 n/a 1853 GGTCCCCGGGAAGGAGACAG 577079 41 302 n/a 2453 AACAACTGGTGCATGGCAAC 577080 42 303 n/a 2753 GTTTCAGATGTACTATCAGC 577081 63 304 n/a 3053 AAGGTGAAGTTCATATCACT 577082 10 305 n/a 3452 GGTAACTTCAAACTCTTGGG 577083 70 306 n/a 3752 GGTTCATGAGAGGTTTCCCA 577084 53 307 n/a 4052 TACTGAATTGCTTAGTTTTA 577085 25 308 n/a 4425 CTAACAGAATAAGAAAAAAA 577086  0 309 n/a 5025 GAGCATTAGATGAGTGCTTT 577087 52 310 n/a 5325 TGCATTCCTAAGCAATGTGT 577088 28 311 n/a 5661 TCTAGGCCTTCACATTAATT 577089 37 312 n/a 5961 CCTGTCTATGCCTAGGTGAA 577090 19 313 n/a 6261 TAGCACATACAATTATTACA 577091 38 314 n/a 6566 GAGGAGAAGAACATAAACGC 577092 20 315 n/a 6866 TACCACAAGTCTGGAGCCAT 577093 27 316 n/a 7166 GATACTGGATTGTTGAAACT 577094  1 317 n/a 7466 TAGTATGACTGGAGATTTGG 577095  1 318 n/a 7766 ATCAAAACCCCAAATGATTT 577096 13 319 160 7840 ATCCAAATGCTCCGGAGATA 577097 78 320 190 7870 TCGACATCACTGCATTCCAA 577098 95 321 220 7900 CAACAGCTGGAGATGGCGGT 577099 56 322 250 7930 ATTTGCCACTTAAAGCAATC 577100 62 323 340 8020 GTACCTGTTCTGTCTTTGGA 577101 76 324 370 8050 CAAGAAAAGTTATTTCTCCA 577102 65 325 400 8080 GAAGGATTTCTCCATTTAGA 577103 50 326 430 8110 TTACATCTATAGCACCACTC 577104 73 327 460 8140 TCACTCCCTTTTCAGACAAG 577105 73 328 490 8170 AGTTTCCATCAAAGATTAAT 577106 55 329 520 8200 ATAGTCCATATGTGCTGCGA 577107 57 330 550 8230 AACTAAGTTCTGTCTGTGGA 577108 71 331 580 8260 CAACACACACTCTATGAAGT 577109 54 332 610 8290 TTCCTTTCCGGATTATATGT 577110  0 333

TABLE 10 Target Target SEQ ID Start % SEQ ID NO Site ISIS No Sequence inhibition NO 3 751 576885 TTTCCATTACAGGAATCACT 63 334 3 807 576886 ATCAGCCTATATCTATTTCC 15 335 3 855 576887 TCAATGACCAGGCGGTCCCC  0 336 3 905 576888 CTTTTTATGGAAAAGGAAAA  0 337 3 984 576889 TGTTTCCCCAAAAATTTCTG  0 338 4  50 576890 AGATATCCACTCGCCACCGC 42 339

Example 2: Dose-Dependent Antisense Inhibition of Human C9ORF72 in HepG2 Cells

Antisense oligonucleotides from the study described above exhibiting significant in vitro inhibition of C9ORF72 mRNA were selected and tested at various doses in HepG2 cells. The antisense oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments that had similar culture conditions. The results for each experiment are presented in separate tables shown below. Cells were plated at a density of 20,000 cells per well and transfected using electroporation with 82.3 nM, 246.9 nM, 740.7 nM, 2,222.2 nM, 6,666.7 nM, or 20,000 nM concentrations of antisense oligonucleotide. After a treatment period of approximately 16 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and C9ORF72 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Human C9ORF72 primer probe set RTS3750 was used to measure mRNA levels. C9ORF72 mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition of C9ORF72, relative to untreated control cells.

The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of each oligonucleotide is also presented in Tables 11-13. As illustrated, C9ORF72 mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner in the antisense oligonucleotide treated cells.

TABLE 11 82.3 246.9 740.7 2222.2 6666.7 20000.0 IC₅₀ ISIS No nM nM nM nM nM nM ₍μM) 576816 5 23 49 76 91 96 0.9 576817 8 2 6 29 58 83 4.7 576818 0 22 31 68 87 90 1.4 576819 0 12 44 72 81 86 1.4 576820 18 24 52 78 91 93 0.7 576841 23 19 29 52 75 85 1.6 576842 6 12 13 37 53 83 4.1 576860 9 24 54 70 83 87 1.0 576878 1 9 26 61 77 83 2.0 576931 16 21 24 49 77 83 1.8 576942 6 16 26 57 78 85 1.8

TABLE 12 82.3 246.9 740.7 2222.2 6666.7 20000.0 IC₅₀ ISIS No nM nM nM nM nM nM ₍μM) 576894 9 30 38 61 75 84 1.3 576896 17 17 28 47 66 76 2.5 576927 3 26 40 60 79 81 1.5 576943 37 37 55 77 84 82 0.4 576945 20 41 56 73 83 84 0.6 576946 8 28 46 69 81 88 1.0 576963 0 0 25 51 63 83 2.9 576964 11 18 37 58 73 77 1.8 576967 19 31 48 68 77 85 0.9 577028 6 19 25 59 79 88 1.6 577029 7 22 44 67 77 85 1.3

TABLE 13 82.3 246.9 740.7 2222.2 6666.7 20000.0 IC₅₀ ISIS No nM nM nM nM nM nM ₍μM) 576960 0 12 28 49 58 78 3.2 576974 25 45 65 70 65 78 0.5 576816 18 36 53 82 91 95 0.6 577097 22 20 31 63 82 94 1.1 577101 16 23 39 62 80 89 1.2 577105 0 4 30 48 78 92 2.0 577104 4 1 16 56 80 92 2.0 577108 0 0 24 52 76 83 2.9 577083 0 0 24 50 73 74 3.0 577078 0 0 10 15 30 75 10.8 577077 0 0 22 22 51 83 5.0

Example 3: Dose-Dependent Antisense Inhibition of Human C9ORF72 in HepG2 Cells

Antisense oligonucleotides from the study described above exhibiting significant in vitro inhibition of C9ORF72 mRNA were selected and tested at various doses in HepG2 cells. The antisense oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments that had similar culture conditions. The results for each experiment are presented in separate tables shown below. Cells were plated at a density of 20,000 cells per well and transfected using electroporation with 246.9 nM, 740.7 nM, 2,222.2 nM, 6,666.7 nM, or 20,000 nM concentrations of antisense oligonucleotide. After a treatment period of approximately 16 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and C9ORF72 total mRNA levels, as well as mRNA levels of the exon 1 transcript, were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Human C9ORF72 primer probe set RTS3750 was used to measure total C9ORF72 mRNA levels. Primer probe set RTS3905 (forward sequence GGGTCTAGCAAGAGCAGGTG, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 18; reverse sequence GTCTTGGCAACAGCTGGAGAT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 19; probe sequence TGATGTCGACTCTTTGCCCACCGC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 20) was used to measure exon 1 message transcript. C9ORF72 mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition of C9ORF72, relative to untreated control cells.

The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of each oligonucleotide is also presented in Tables 14 and 15. As illustrated, C9ORF72 mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner in the antisense oligonucleotide treated cells. ‘n.d.’ indicates that there is no data for that particular dose.

TABLE 14 % inhibition of total C9ORF72 mRNA levels 246.9 740.7 2222.2 6666.7 20000.0 IC₅₀ ISIS No nM nM nM nM nM ₍μM) 576816 29 53 84 90 92 0.60 576820 20 42 70 87 75 1.19 576860 25 53 72 86 85 0.80 576974 36 49 64 65 68 0.95 577041 3 0 0 0 0 >20.00 577042 0 2 0 3 0 >20.00 577061 0 3 0 4 0 >20.00 577065 7 0 1 6 0 >20.00 577069 3 0 3 0 0 >20.00 577073 7 0 8 11 0 >20.00 577074 0 7 11 15 0 >20.00 577078 0 2 20 65 81 5.22 577083 0 19 55 71 75 3.35 577088 6 11 49 61 74 3.93 577097 3 38 62 78 82 1.94

TABLE 15 % inhibition of C9ORF72 exon 1 mRNA levels 246.9 740.7 2222.2 6666.7 20000.0 IC₅₀ ISIS No nM nM nM nM nM ₍μM) 576794 42 67 n.d. 93 87 0.27 576816 45 78 93 n.d. n.d. 0.26 576820 54 65 92 98 94 <0.247 576860 43 36 71 95 91 0.66 577041 0 0 49  4 31 >20.00 577042 9 15 0 33 12 >20.00 577061 8 36 70 67 76 2.03 577065 20 55 67 82 62 1.06 577069 22 24 61 74 70 2.16 577073 4 62 69 82 81 1.21 577074 8 49 69 85 85 1.29 577078 0 21 59 81 n.d. 1.90 577083 30 43 85 88 92 0.71 577088 38 44 79 87 91 0.61 577097 17 47 52 94 89 1.27

Example 4: Antisense Inhibition of Human C9ORF72 in HepG2 Cells

Antisense oligonucleotides were designed targeting the hexanucleotide repeat expansion of a C9ORF72 nucleic acid and were tested for their effects on C9ORF72 mRNA in vitro. The antisense oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments that had similar culture conditions. The results for each experiment are presented in separate tables shown below. ISIS 576816 and ISIS 577065 were included in these assays for comparison. Cultured C9ORF72 fibroblasts at a density of 35,000 cells per well were transfected using electroporation with 7,000 nM antisense oligonucleotide. After a treatment period of approximately 24 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and C9ORF72 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Human primer probe sets RTS3750, RTS 3905, or RTS4097 (forward sequence CAAGCCACCGTCTCACTCAA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 24; reverse sequence GTAGTGCTGTCTACTCCAGAGAGTTACC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 25; probe sequence CTTGGCTTCCCTCAAAAGACTGGCTAATGT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 26) were used to measure mRNA levels. RTS3750 targets exon 2 of the mRNA transcripts and, therefore, measures total mRNA transcripts. RTS3905 targets the hexanucleotide repeat expansion containing transcript and, therefore, measures only mRNA transcripts that contain the hexanucleotide repeat expansion. RTS4097 targets the gene sequence at a site 3′ of the hexanucleotide repeat expansion. mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition of C9ORF72, relative to untreated control cells. ‘n.d.’ indicates that there is no data for that particular antisense oligonucleotide.

The antisense oligonucleotides in Table 16 were designed as uniform MOE oligonucleotides, or 3-10-3 MOE, 4-10-3 MOE, 4-10-4 MOE, 5-10-4 MOE, or 5-10-5 MOE gapmers. The uniform MOE oligonucleotides are 20 nucleosides in length, wherein each nucleoside comprises a 2′-MOE group. The 3-10-3 MOE gapmers are 16 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises ten 2′-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on both the 5′ end and on the 3′ end comprising three nucleosides each. The 4-10-3 gapmers are 17 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises ten 2′-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on both the 5′ end and on the 3′ end comprising four and three nucleosides, respectively. The 4-10-4 gapmers are 18 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises ten 2′-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on both the 5′ end and on the 3′ end comprising four nucleosides each. The 5-10-4 gapmers are 19 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises ten 2′-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on both the 5′ end and on the 3′ end comprising five and four nucleosides, respectively. The 5-10-5 gapmers are 20 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises ten 2′-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on both the 5′ end and on the 3′ end comprising five nucleosides each. Each nucleoside in the 5′ wing segment and each nucleoside in the 3′ wing segment comprises a 2′-MOE group. The internucleoside linkages throughout each oligonucleotide are phosphorothioate linkages. All cytosine residues throughout each oligonucleotide are 5-methylcytosines. “Start site” indicates the 5′-most nucleoside to which the antisense oligonucleotide is targeted in the human gene sequence. “Stop site” indicates the 3′-most nucleoside to which the antisense oligonucleotide is targeted human gene sequence. Each antisense oligonucleotide listed in Table 16 is targeted to the human C9ORF72 genomic sequence, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2 (the complement of GENBANK Accession No. NT_008413.18 truncated from nucleosides 27535000 to 27565000) or SEQ ID NO: 13, which is an expanded version of the hexanucleotide repeat from intron 1 of the C9ORF72 gene.

The data indicates that certain antisense oligonucleotides preferentially inhibit levels of C9ORF72 mRNA transcript levels that contain the hexanucleotide repeat.

TABLE 16 Target Target Start Start Site on Site on % inhi- % inhi- % inhi- SEQ SEQ ID SEQ ID ISIS bition bition bition ID NO: 2 NO: 13 Motif Sequence NO (RTS3750) (RTS3905) (RTS4097) NO 1457  1 Uniform CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573674  0 34  0 340  7 MOE CGGCCCC 13 1458  2 Uniform CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573675  0 28  0 341  8 MOE CCGGCCC 14 1459  3 Uniform CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573676  0 34  0 342  9 MOE CCCGGCC 15 1460  4 Uniform GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573677  4 41  0 343 10 MOE CCCCGGC 16 n/a  5 Uniform GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573678 12 11  6 344 11 MOE GCCCCGG 17 n/a  6 Uniform CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573679  0  0  0 345 12 MOE GGCCCCG 1457  1 Uniform CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573680 10  6  0 346  7 MOE GGCCCC 13 1458  2 Uniform CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573681 13 23  0 347  8 MOE CGGCCC 14 1459  3 Uniform CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573682  2 48  0 348  9 MOE CCGGCC 15 1460  4 Uniform CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573683  0 38  0 349 10 MOE CCCGGC 16 1461  5 Uniform GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573684  0  0  0 350 11 MOE CCCCGG 17 n/a  6 Uniform GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573685  0 27  0 351 12 MOE GCCCCG 18 1457  1 Uniform GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573686  0 40  0 352  7 MOE GCCCC 13 19 1458  2 Uniform CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573687  0  0  0 353  8 MOE GGCCC 14 1459  3 Uniform CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573688 22  0  0 354  9 MOE CGGCC 15 1460  4 Uniform CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573689  0 22  0 355 10 MOE CCGGC 16 1461  5 Uniform CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573690 15 43  0 356 11 MOE CCCGG 17 1462  6 Uniform GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573691 10 16  0 357 12 MOE CCCCG 18 1457  1 Uniform GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573692  6 65  0 358  7 MOE CCCC 1463 13 19 1458  2 Uniform GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573693  9  0  0 359  8 MOE GCCC 14 20 1459  3 Uniform CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573694 10 0  0 360  9 MOE GGCC 15 1460  4 Uniform CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573695  3 42  0 361 10 MOE CGGC 16 1461  5 Uniform CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573696  0 23  0 362 11 MOE CCGG 17 1462  6 Uniform CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573697  0 28  0 363 12 MOE CCCG 18 1457  1 Uniform CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573698  1 68  0 364  7 MOE CCC 1463 13 19 1458  2 Uniform GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573699  0 31  0 365  8 MOE CCC 1464 14 20 1459  3 Uniform GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573700  7  2  2 366  9 MOE GCC 15 21 1460  4 Uniform CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573701 15  1  8 367 10 MOE GGC 16 1461  5 Uniform CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573702 26  0  0 368 11 MOE CGG 17 1462  6 Uniform CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573703 12 52 10 369 12 MOE CCG 18 1457  1 5-10-5 CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573716  0 93 46 340  7 MOE CGGCCCC 13 1458  2 5-10-5 CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573717  0 98  0 341  8 MOE CCGGCCC 14 1459  3 5-10-5 CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573718  0 98  2 342  9 MOE CCCGGCC 15 1460  4 5-10-5 GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573719  0 68 19 343 10 MOE CCCCGGC 16 n/a  5 5-10-5 GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573720 13 90 18 344 11 MOE GCCCCGG 17 n/a  6 5-10-5 CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573721  0 98 18 345 12 MOE GGCCCCG 1457  1 5-10-4 CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573722  0 97  0 346  7 MOE GGCCCC 13 1458  2 5-10-4 CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573723  0 n.d.  8 347  8 MOE CGGCCC 14 1459  3 5-10-4 CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573724  0 94 28 348  9 MOE CCGGCC 15 1460  4 5-10-4 CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573725  0 94  7 349 10 MOE CCCGGC 16 1461  5 5-10-4 GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573726  0 n.d. 28 350 11 MOE CCCCGG 17 n/a  6 5-10-4 GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573727  0 98 40 351 12 MOE GCCCCG 18 1457  1 4-10-4 GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573728  0 97 19 352  7 MOE GCCCC 13 19 1458  2 4-10-4 CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573729  0 n.d. 36 353  8 MOE GGCCC 14 1459  3 4-10-4 CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573730  0 94 24 354  9 MOE CGGCC 15 1460  4 4-10-4 CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573731  0 97 13 355 10 MOE CCGGC 16 1461  5 4-10-4 CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573732  0 97  1 356 11 MOE CCCGG 17 1462  6 4-10-4 GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573733  0 n.d.  0 357 12 MOE CCCCG 18 1457  1 4-10-3 GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573734  0 96  0 358  7 MOE CCCC 1463 13 19 1458  2 4-10-3 GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573735  0 94 21 359  8 MOE GCCC 14 20 1459  3 4-10-3 CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573736  0 93 43 360  9 MOE GGCC 15 1460  4 4-10-3 CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573737  0 96 19 361 10 MOE CGGC 16 1461  5 4-10-3 CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573738 0  n.d. 24 362 11 MOE CCGG 17 1462  6 4-10-3 CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573739  0 n.d. 34 363 12 MOE CCCG 18 1457  1 3-10-3 CCCCGGCCCCGGC 573740  0 n.d.  4 364  7 MOE CCC 1463 13 19 1458  2 3-10-3 GCCCCGGCCCCGG 573741  0 95  6 365  8 MOE CCC 1464 14 20 1459  3 3-10-3 GGCCCCGGCCCCG 573742 23 97 49 366  9 MOE GCC 15 21 1460  4 3-10-3 CGGCCCCGGCCCC 573743  0 96  0 367 10 MOE GGC 16 1461  5 3-10-3 CCGGCCCCGGCCC 573744  0 94 34 368 11 MOE CGG 17 1462  6 3-10-3 CCCGGCCCCGGCC 573745  0 94 34 368 12 MOE CCG 18 7990 n/a 5-10-5 GCCTTACTCTAGG 576816 83 91 29  40 MOE ACCAAGA 1446 n/a 5-10-5 CCCGGCCCCTAGC 577065  0 87 34 288 MOE GCGCGAC

Example 5: In Vivo Rodent Inhibition and Tolerability with Treatment of C9ORF72 Antisense Oligonucleotides

In order to assess the tolerability of inhibition of C9ORF72 expression in vivo, antisense oligonucleotides targeting a murine C9ORF72 nucleic acid were designed and assessed in mouse and rat models.

ISIS 571883 was designed as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer, 20 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises ten 2′-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on both the 5′ end and on the 3′ end comprising five nucleosides each. Each nucleoside in the 5′ wing segment and each nucleoside in the 3′ wing segment has a MOE modification. The internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate linkages. All cytosine residues throughout the gapmer are 5-methylcytosines. ISIS 571883 has a target start site of nucleoside 33704 on the murine C9ORF72 genomic sequence, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 11 (the complement of GENBANK Accession No. NT_166289.1 truncated from nucleosides 3587000 to 3625000).

ISIS 603538 was designed as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer, 20 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises ten 2′-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on both the 5′ end and on the 3′ end comprising five nucleosides each. Each nucleoside in the 5′ wing segment and each nucleoside in the 3′ wing segment has a MOE modification. The internucleoside linkages are either phosphorothioate linkages or phosphate ester linkages (Gs Ao Co Co Gs Cs Ts Ts Gs As Gs Ts Ts Ts Gs Co Co Ao Cs A; wherein ‘s’ denotes a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, ‘o’ denotes a phosphate ester linkage; and A, G, C, T denote the relevant nucleosides). All cytosine residues throughout the gapmer are 5-methylcytosines. ISIS 603538 has a target start site of nucleoside 2872 on the rat C9ORF72 mRNA sequence, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 12 (GENBANK Accession No. NM_001007702.1).

Mouse Experiment 1

Groups of 4 C57BL/6 mice each were injected with 50 μg, 100 μg, 300 μg, 500 μg, or 700 μg of ISIS 571883 administered via an intracerebroventricular bolus injection. A control group of four C57/BL6 mice were similarly treated with PBS. Animals were anesthetized with 3% isofluorane and placed in a stereotactic frame. After sterilizing the surgical site, each mouse was injected −0.2 mm anterio-posterior from the bregma na d 3 mm dorsoventral to the bregma with the above-mentioned doses of ISIS 571883 using a Hamilton syringe. The incision was closed with sutures. The mice were allowed to recover for 14 days, after which animals were euthanized according to a humane protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Brain and spinal cord tissue were harvested and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Prior to freezing, brain tissue was cut transversely five sections using a mouse brain matrix.

RNA Analysis

RNA was extracted from a 2-3 mm brain section posterior to the injection site, from brain frontal cortex and from the lumbar section of the spinal cord tissue for analysis of C9ORF72 mRNA expression. C9ORF72 mRNA expression was measured by RT-PCR. The data is presented in Table 17. The results indicate that treatment with increasing doses of ISIS 571883 resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of C9ORF72 mRNA expression.

The induction of the microglial marker AIF-1 as a measure of CNS toxicity was also assessed. The data is presented in Table 18. The results indicate that treatment with increasing doses of ISIS 571883 did not result in significant increases in AIF-1 mRNA expression. Hence, the injection of ISIS 571883 was deemed tolerable in this model.

TABLE 17 Percentage inhibition of C9ORF72 mRNA expression compared to the PBS control Dose Posterior Spinal (μg) brain Cortex cord 50 22 8 46 100 22 12 47 300 55 47 67 500 61 56 78 700 65 65 79

TABLE 18 Percentage expression of AIF-1 mRNA expression compared to the PBS control Dose Posterior Spinal (μg) brain cord 50 102 89 100 105 111 300 107 98 500 131 124 700 122 116

Mouse Experiment 2

Groups of 4 C57BL/6 mice each were injected with 500 μg of ISIS 571883 administered via an intracerebroventricular bolus injection in a procedure similar to that described above. A control group of four C57/BL6 mice were similarly treated with PBS. The mice were tested at regular time points after ICV administration.

Behavior Analysis

Two standard assays to assess motor behavior were employed; the rotarod assay and grip strength assay. In case of the rotarod assays, the time of latency to fall was measured. The data for the assays is presented in Tables 19 and 20. The results indicate that there were no significant changes in the motor behavior of the mice as a result of antisense inhibition of ISIS 571883 or due to the ICV injection. Hence, antisense inhibition of C9ORF72 was deemed tolerable in this model.

TABLE 19 Latency to fall (sec) in the rotarod assay Weeks after ISIS injection PBS 571883 0 66 66 4 91 70 8 94 84

TABLE 20 Mean hindlimb grip strength (g) in the grip strength assay Weeks after ISIS injection PBS 571883 0 57 63 1 65 51 2 51 52 3 51 51 4 59 72 5 60 64 6 61 72 7 67 68 8 66 70 9 63 61 10 48 46

Rat Experiment

Groups of 4 Sprague-Dawley rats each were injected with 700 μg, 1,000 μg, or 3,000 μg of ISIS 603538 administered via an intrathecal bolus injection. A control group of four Sprague-Dawley rats were similarly treated with PBS. Animals were anesthetized with 3% isofluorane and placed in a stereotactic frame. After sterilizing the surgical site, each rat was injected with 30 μL of ASO solution administered via 8 cm intrathecal catheter 2 cm into the spinal canal with a 50 μL flush. The rats were allowed to recover for 4 weeks, after which animals were euthanized according to a humane protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

RNA Analysis

RNA was extracted from a 2-3 mm brain section posterior to the injection site, from brain frontal cortex, and from the cervical and lumbar sections of the spinal cord tissue for analysis of C9ORF72 mRNA expression. C9ORF72 mRNA expression was measured by RT-PCR. The data is presented in Table 21. The results indicate that treatment with increasing doses of ISIS 603538 resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of C9ORF72 mRNA expression.

The induction of the microglial marker AIF-1 as a measure of CNS toxicity was also assessed. The data is presented in Table 22. The results indicate that treatment with increasing doses of ISIS 603538 did not result in significant increases in AIF-1 mRNA expression. Hence, the injection of ISIS 603538 was deemed tolerable in this model.

TABLE 21 Percentage inhibition of C9ORF72 mRNA expression compared to the PBS control Dose Brain Spinal cord Spinal cord (μg) (1 mm section) Cortex (lumbar) (cervical) 700 21 4 86 74 1000 53 49 88 82 3000 64 62 88 80

TABLE 22 Percentage expression of AIF-1 mRNA expression compared to the PBS control Dose Brain Spinal cord Spinal cord (μg) (1 mm section) Cortex (lumbar) (cervical) 700 97 119 98 89 1000 105 113 122 96 3000 109 141 156 115

Body Weight Analysis

Body weights of the rats were measured at regular time point intervals. The data is presented in Table 23. The results indicate that treatment with increasing doses of ISIS 603538 did not have any significant changes in the body weights of the rats.

TABLE 23 Body weights of the rats (% initial body weight) Dose (μg) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 PBS 100 94 103 105 109 ISIS 700 100 94 98 103 107 603538 1000 100 95 97 101 103 3000 100 92 98 102 105

Example 6: Preferential Inhibition of Human C9ORF72 Expression in Two Patient Fibroblast Lines

Two different fibroblast cell lines from human patients (F09-152 and F09-229) were analyzed with antisense oligonucleotides that target the C9ORF72 pre-mRNA sequence before exon 1B; i.e. antisense oligonucleotides that target the hexanucleotide repeat expansion containing transcript and antisense oligonucleotides that target downstream of exon 1. The target start and stop sites and the target regions with respect to SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2 for each oligonucleotide are provided in Table 24. ISIS 577061 and ISIS 577065 target C9ORF72 upstream of exon 1B and just upstream of the hexanucleotide repeat. The rest of the ISIS oligonucleotides of Table 24 target C9ORF72 downstream of exon 1B and the hexanucleotide repeat.

TABLE 24 Target Start and Stop sites of ISIS oligonucleotides used in a dose response assay in C9ORF72 patient fibroblasts Target Target Start Site Start Site ISIS at SEQ at SEQ No ID NO: 1 ID NO: 2 Target Region 577061 n/a 1406 Upstream of exon 1B 577065 n/a 1446 Upstream of exon 1B 577083 n/a 3452 Downstream of exon 1B 576816 232 7990 Exon 2 576974 3132 28251 Exon 11

Cells were plated at a density of 20,000 cells per well and transfected using electroporation with 246.9 nM, 740.7 nM, 2,222.2 nM, 6,666.7 nM, and 20,000.0 nM concentrations of antisense oligonucleotide. After a treatment period of approximately 16 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and C9ORF72 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Two primer probe sets were used: (1) human C9ORF72 primer probe set RTS3750, which measures total mRNA levels, and (2) RTS3905, which targets the hexanucleotide repeat expansion containing transcript, which measures only mRNA transcripts that contain the hexanucleotide repeat expansion. C9ORF72 mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition of C9ORF72, relative to untreated control cells.

As illustrated in Table 25, below, the two oligonucleotides that target upstream of exon 1B and, therefore, target mRNA transcripts containing the hexanucleotide repeat expansion (ISIS 577061 and ISIS 577065), do not inhibit total mRNA levels of C9ORF72 (as measured by RTS3750) as well as ISIS 576974, 576816, and 577083, which target downstream of exon 1B and, therefore, do not target the mRNA transcript containing the hexanucleotide repeat expansion. Expression levels of the C9ORF72 mRNA transcript containing the hexanucleotide repeat expansion are low (about 10% of the total C9ORF72 expression products), therefore, oligonucleotides targeting the mRNA transcript containing the hexanucleotide repeat expansion do not robustly inhibit total C9ORF72 mRNA (as measured by RTS3905), as suggested by Table 25 below. Thus, ISIS 577061 and ISIS 577065 preferentially inhibit expression of mRNA transcripts containing the hexanucleotide repeat expansion.

TABLE 25 Percent inhibition of C9ORF72 total mRNA in F09-152 patient fibroblasts in a dose response assay as measured with RTS3750 246.9 740.7 2222.2 6666.7 20000.0 ISIS No nM nM nM nM nM 577061 6 11 0 18 10 577065 10 11 30 29 0 576974 61 69 72 83 83 576816 35 76 82 91 93 577083 28 38 52 75 80

TABLE 26 Percent inhibition of C9ORF72 mRNA transcripts containing the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in F09-152 patient fibroblasts in a dose response assay as measured with RTS3905 246.9 740.7 2222.2 6666.7 20000.0 ISIS No nM nM nM nM nM 577061 4 28 58 81 87 577065 25 54 70 90 94 576974 57 77 81 93 92 576816 37 77 91 97 98 577083 37 53 74 93 94

TABLE 27 Percent inhibition of C9ORF72 total mRNA in F09-229 patient fibroblasts in a dose response assay as measured with RTS3750 246.9 740.7 2222.2 6666.7 20000.0 ISIS No nM nM nM nM nM 577061 0 0 0 17 7 577065 8 17 17 16 3 576974 43 58 85 85 74 576816 45 70 85 81 89 577083 22 45 56 76 78

TABLE 28 Percent inhibition of C9ORF72 mRNA transcripts containing the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in F09-229 patient fibroblasts in a dose response assay as measured with RTS3905 246.9 740.7 2222.2 6666.7 20000.0 ISIS No nM nM nM nM nM 577061 14 36 70 87 89 577065 26 48 92 91 98 576974 63 87 91 92 91 576816 62 81 96 98 100 577083 36 64 82 98 96 

1.-41. (canceled)
 42. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 50 linked nucleosides wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide is at least 90% complementary to an equal length portion of a C9ORF72 nucleic acid, and wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modification selected from a modified sugar, a sugar surrogate, and a modified internucleoside linkage.
 43. The compound of claim 42, wherein the C9ORF72 nucleic acid is any of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and/or SEQ ID NO:
 3. 44. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 50 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 12 consecutive nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 30-369.
 45. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 50 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 12 contiguous nucleobases 100% complementary to an equal length portion of nucleobases (i) 1,446-1,479 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) 2,209-2,238 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (iii) 7,870-7,949 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (iv) 7,990-8,072 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (v) 8,080-8,129 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (vi) 8,200-8,258 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (vii) 13,357-13,409 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (viii) 24,306-24,340 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (ix) 26,630-26,649 of SEQ ID NO: 2; or (x) 27,037-27,075 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 46. The compound of claim 45, wherein: (i) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 288, 340-343, 346, 348, 349, 352, 354-356, 358-361, and 365-368; (ii) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 206-208; (iii) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 33-37 and 321-323; (iv) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 40-47, 324, and 325; (v) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 50, 51, 326, and 327; (vi) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 56, 57, 58, 330, and 331; (vii) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 72-76; (viii) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 130-133; (ix) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 140-142; or (x) the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID Nos: 164-166.
 47. The compound of claim 42, wherein the modified oligonucleotide consists of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides.
 48. The compound of claim 44, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide is: a) at least 90% complementary to an equal length portion of SEQ ID NO: 2; or b) 100% complementary to an equal length portion of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 49. The compound of claim 42, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is a single-stranded modified oligonucleotide.
 50. The compound of claim 49, wherein the single-stranded modified oligonucleotide is a gapmer.
 51. The compound of claim 42, wherein: a) at least one internucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified internucleoside linkage, optionally wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage; or b) each internucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified internucleoside linkage, optionally wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
 52. The compound of claim 42, wherein at least one nucleobase of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified nucleobase, optionally wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.
 53. The compound of claim 42, wherein: a) at least one nucleoside of the modified oligonucleotide comprises a modified sugar; or b) each nucleoside of the modified oligonucleotide comprises a modified sugar.
 54. The compound of claim 53, wherein the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar.
 55. The compound of claim 54, wherein the bicyclic sugar comprises a chemical bridge between the 4′ and 2′ positions of the sugar, wherein the chemical bridge is selected from: 4′-CH(R)—O-2′ and 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, wherein R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, optionally wherein the chemical bridge is 4′-CH(R)—O-2′ and wherein R is: a) methyl; b) H; or c) —CH₂—O—CH₃.
 56. The compound of claim 53, wherein at least one modified sugar comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group or a 2′-O-methyl group.
 57. The compound of claim 42, wherein at least one nucleoside of the oligonucleotide comprises a sugar surrogate, optionally wherein the sugar surrogate is a morpholino or a peptide nucleic acid.
 58. The compound of claim 42, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence complementary to a region of C9ORF72 other than a hexanucleotide repeat expansion, wherein the hexanucleotide repeat expansion comprises any of GGGGCC, GGGGGG, GGGGCG, and GGGGGC.
 59. The compound of claim 42, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is a double-stranded modified oligonucleotide.
 60. The compound of claim 42, consisting of the modified oligonucleotide.
 61. A conjugated antisense compound comprising the compound of claim
 42. 62. A double-stranded compound comprising the compound of claim
 42. 63. A conjugated antisense compound comprising the double-stranded compound of claim
 62. 64. A composition comprising a compound according to claim 42 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 65. The composition of claim 64, wherein: a) the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is phosphate buffered saline (PBS); and/or b) the oligonucleotide of the compound is a sodium salt.
 66. A composition comprising a conjugated antisense compound according to claim 61 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 67. The composition of claim 66, wherein: a) the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is phosphate buffered saline (PBS); and/or b) the oligonucleotide of the compound is a sodium salt. 